| Absentee |
| tax, the propriety of, considered with reference to Ireland 379 |
| Accounts |
| of money, in modern Europe, all kept, and the value of goods computed, in silver 16 |
| Actors |
| public, paid for the contempt attending their profession 44 |
| Africa |
| cause assigned for the barbarous state of the interior parts of that continent 9 |
| African company |
| establishment and constitution of 309 |
| receive an annual allowance from parliament for forts and garrisons 310 |
| the company not under sufficient controul 310 |
| history of the Royal African company 311 |
| decline of 311 |
| Rise of the present company 311 |
| Age |
| the foundation of rank and precedency in rude as well as civilized societies 297 |
| Aggregate fund |
| in the British finances, explained 388 |
| Agio |
| of the bank of Amsterdam explained 194 |
| of the bank of Hamburgh 195 |
| the agio at Amsterdam, how kept at a medium rate 197 |
| Agriculture |
| the labour of, does not admit of such subdivisions as manufactures 3 |
| this impossibility of separation prevents agriculture from improving equally with manufactures 3 |
| natural state of, in a new colony 38 |
| requires more knowledge and experience than most mechanical professions, and yet is carried on without any restrictions 53 |
| the terms of rent, how adjusted between landlord and tenant 60 |
| is extended by good roads and navigable canals 62 |
| under what circumstances pasture land is more valuable than arable 63 |
| gardening not a very gainful employment 64 |
| vines the most profitable article of culture 65 |
| estimates of profit from projects very fallacious 65 |
| cattle and tillage mutually improve each other 93 |
| remarks on that of Scotland 93 |
| on that of North America 94 |
| poultry, a profitable article in husbandry 94 |
| hogs 95 |
| dairy 96 |
| evidences of land being completely improved 96 |
| the extension of cultivation, as it raises the price of animal food, reduces that of vegetables 103 |
| by whom and how practised under feudal government 137 |
| its operations not so much intended to increase, as to direct the fertility of nature 149 |
| has been the cause of the prosperity of the British colonies in America 150 |
| the profits of, exaggerated by projectors 154 |
| on equal terms, is naturally preferred to trade 156 |
| artificers necessary to the carrying it on 156 |
| was not attended to by the northern destroyers of the Roman empire 157 |
| the ancient policy of Europe unfavourable to 162 |
| was promoted by the commerce and manufactures of towns 170 |
| the wealth arising from, more solid and durable than that which proceeds from commerce 172 |
| is not encouraged by the bounty on the exportation of corn 207 |
| why the proper business of new companies 251 |
| the present agricultural system of political economy adopted in France, described 275 |
| is discouraged by restrictions and prohibitions in trade 279 |
| is favoured beyond manufactures in China 282 |
| and in Indostan 283 |
| does not require so extensive a market as manufactures 284 |
| to check manufactures in order to promote agriculture, false policy 285 |
| landlords ought to be encouraged to cultivate part of their own land 350 |
| Alcavala |
| the tax in Spain so called, explained and considered 381 |
| the ruin of the Spanish manufactures attributed to this tax 381 |
| Alehouses |
| the number of, not the efficient cause of drunkenness 148, 200 |
| Allodial rights |
| mistaken for feudal rights 168 |
| the introduction of the feudal law tended to moderate the authority of the allodial lords 168 |
| Ambassadors |
| the first motive of their appointment 307 |
| America |
| why labour is dearer in North America than in England 29 |
| great increase of population there 29 |
| common rate of interest there 38 |
| is a new market for the produce of its own silver mines 85 |
| improving state of the Spanish colonies there 86 |
| account of the paper currency of the British colonies 134 |
| cause of the rapid prosperity of the British colonies there 150 |
| why manufactures for distant sale have never been established there 156 |
| its speedy improvement owing to assistance from foreign capitals 157 |
| the purchase and improvement of uncultivated land the most profitable employment of capitals 171 |
| commercial alterations produced by the discovery of 181 |
| but two civilized nations found on the whole continent 181 |
| the wealth of the North American colonies increased, though the balance of trade continued against them 203 |
| madeira wine, how introduced there 204 |
| historical review of the European settlements in 229 |
| of Spain 232, 233 |
| of Holland 234 |
| of France 234 |
| of Britain 234 |
| ecclesiastical government in the several European colonies 235 |
| fish a principal article of trade from North America to Spain, Portugal, and the Mediterranean 237 |
| naval stores to Britain 238 |
| little credit due to the policy of Europe from the success of the colonies 242 |
| the discovery and colonization of, how far advantageous to Europe 243 |
| and to America 243 |
| the colonies in, governed by a spirit of monopoly 261 |
| the interest of the consumer in Britain sacrificed to that of the producer, by the system of colonization 274 |
| plan for extending the British system of taxation, over all the provinces of 397, 398 |
| the question, how the Americans could pay taxes without specie, considered 402 |
| ought in justice to contribute to discharge the public debt in Britain 402 |
| expediency of their union with Britain 403 |
| the British empire there a mere project 404 |
| Amsterdam |
| agio of the bank of, explained 194 |
| occasion of its establishment 195 |
| advantages attending payments there 195 |
| rate demanded for keeping money there 195 |
| prices at which bullion and coin are received 196 |
| this bank the great warehouse of Europe for bullion 197 |
| demands upon, how made and answered 197 |
| the agio, how kept at a medium rate 197 |
| the treasure of, whether all preserved in its repositories 198 |
| the amount of its treasure only to be conjectured 198 |
| fees paid to the bank for transacting business 198 |
| Annuities |
| for terms of years, and for lives, in the British finances, historical account of 389 |
| Apothecaries |
| the profit on their drugs, unjustly stigmatized as exorbitant 46 |
| Apprenticeship |
| the nature and intention of this bond of servitude, explained 42 |
| the limitations imposed on various trades as to the number of apprentices 50 |
| the statute of apprenticeship in England 50 |
| apprenticeships in France and Scotland 51 |
| general remarks on the tendency and operation of long apprenticeships 51 |
| the statute of, ought to be repealed 191 |
| Arabs |
| their manner of supporting war 289 |
| Army |
| three different ways by which a nation may maintain one in a distant country 178 |
| standing, distinction between and a militia 292 |
| historical review of 294 |
| the Macedonian army 294 |
| carthaginian army 294 |
| roman army 294 |
| is alone able to perpetuate the civilization of a country 296 |
| is the speediest engine for civilizing a barbarous country 296 |
| under what circumstances dangerous to, and under what favourable to liberty 296 |
| Artificers |
| prohibited by law from going to foreign countries 273 |
| residing abroad, and not returning on notice, exposed to outlawry 273 |
| Asdrubal |
| his army greatly improved by discipline 294 |
| how defeated 294 |
| Assembly |
| houses of, in the British colonies, the constitutional freedom of, shewn 240 |
| Assize |
| of bread and ale, remarks on that statute 75, 77 |
| Augustus |
| emperor, emancipates the slaves of Vedius Pollio for his cruelty 241 |
| Balance |
| of annual produce and consumption explained 203 |
| may be in favour of a nation, when the balance of trade is against it 203 |
| of trade, no certain criterion to determine on which side it turns between two countries 192 |
| the current doctrine of, on which most regulations of trade are founded, absurd 199 |
| if even, by the exchange of their native commodities, both sides may be gainers 199 |
| how the balance would stand if native commodities on one side were paid with foreign commodities on the other 199 |
| how the balance stands when commodities are purchased with gold and silver 199, 200 |
| the ruin of countries often predicted from the doctrine of an unfavourable balance of trade 202 |
| Bankers |
| the credit of their notes how established 118 |
| the nature of the banking business explained 118, 121 |
| the multiplication and competition of bankers, under proper regulations of service to public credit 135 |
| Banks |
| great increase of trade in Scotland since the establishment of them in the principal towns 120 |
| their usual course of business 121 |
| consequences of their issuing too much paper 122 |
| necessary caution for some time observed by them with regard to giving credit to their customers 124 |
| limits of the advances they may imprudently make to traders 125 |
| how injured by the practice of drawing and redrawing bills 126, 127 |
| history of the Ayr bank 128 |
| history of the bank of England 130 |
| the nature and public advantage of banks considered 131 |
| bankers might carry on their business with less paper 132 |
| effects of the optional clauses in the Scotch notes 133 |
| origin of their establishment 194 |
| bank money explained 195 |
| bank of England, the conduct of, in regard to the coinage 226 |
| a doubtful question, whether the government of Great Britain is equal to the management of the bank to profit 344 |
| Baretti |
| his account of the quantity of Portugal gold sent weekly to England 225 |
| Barons |
| feudal, their power contracted by the grant of municipal privileges 163 |
| their extensive authority 168 |
| how they lost their authority over their vassals 169 |
| and the power to disturb their country 170 |
| Barter |
| the exchange of one commodity for another, the propensity to, of extensive operation, and peculiar to man 6 |
| is not sufficient to carry on the mutual intercourse of mankind 10 |
| Batavia |
| causes of the prosperity of the Dutch settlement there 263 |
| Beaver skins |
| review of the policy used in the trade for 273 |
| Beef |
| cheaper now in London than in the reign of James I. 63 |
| compared with the prices of wheat at the corresponding times 64 |
| Benefices |
| ecclesiastical, the tenure of, why rendered secure 335 |
| the power of collating to, how taken from the pope, in England and France 338 |
| general equality of, among the presbyterians 340 |
| good effects of this equality 340 |
| Bengal |
| to what circumstances its early improvement in agriculture and manufactures was owing 9 |
| present miserable state of the country 30 |
| remarks on the high rates of interest there 39 |
| oppressive conduct of the English there, to suit their trade in opium 263 |
| why more remarkable for the exportation of manufactures than of grain 284 |
| Berne |
| brief history of the republic of 164 |
| establishment of the reformation there 338 |
| application of the revenue of the catholic clergy 341 |
| derives a revenue from the interest of its treasure 344 |
| Bills of Exchange |
| punctuality in the payment of, how secured 126 |
| the pernicious practice of drawing and redrawing explained 126 |
| the arts made use of to disguise this mutual traffic in bills 127 |
| Birth |
| superiority of, how it confers respect and authority 298 |
| Bishops |
| the ancient mode of electing them, and how altered 335, 337 |
| Body |
| natural and political, analogy between 280 |
| Bohemia |
| account of the tax there on the industry of artificers 366 |
| Bounties |
| why given in commerce 183 |
| on exportation, the policy of granting them considered 205 |
| on the exportation of corn 206 |
| this bounty imposes two taxes on the people 207 |
| evil tendency of this bounty 209 |
| the bounty only beneficial to the exporter and importer 209 |
| motives of the country gentlemen in granting the bounty 210 |
| a trade which requires a bounty, necessarily a losing trade 210 |
| tonnage bounties to the fisheries considered 211 |
| account of the white-herring fishery 212 |
| remarks on other bounties 213 |
| a review of the principles on which they are generally granted 267 |
| those granted on American produce founded on mistaken policy 268 |
| how they affect the consumer 274 |
| Bounty |
| on the exportation of corn, the tendency of this measure examined 81 |
| Bourdeaux |
| why a town of great trade 138 |
| Brazil |
| grew to be a powerful colony under neglect 233 |
| the Dutch invaders expelled by the Portuguese colonists 233 |
| computed number of inhabitants there 233 |
| the trade of the principal provinces oppressed by the Portuguese 236 |
| Bread |
| its relative value with butcher's meat compared 62, 63 |
| Brewery |
| reasons for transferring the taxes on to the malt 376 |
| Bridges |
| how to be erected and maintained 303 |
| Britain |
| Great, evidences that labour is sufficiently paid for there 30 |
| the price of provisions nearly the same in most places 31 |
| great variations in the price of labour 31 |
| vegetables imported from Flanders in the last century 32 |
| historical account of the alterations interest of money has undergone 37 |
| double interest deemed a reasonable mercantile profit 40 |
| in what respects the carrying trade is advantageous to 152, 153 |
| appears to enjoy more of the carrying trade of Europe than it really has 153 |
| it is the only country of Europe in which the obligation of purveyance is abolished 161 |
| its funds for the support of foreign wars inquired into 178, 179 |
| why never likely to be much affected by the free importation of Irish cattle 186 |
| nor salt provisions 186 |
| could be little affected by the importation of foreign corn 187 |
| the policy of the commercial restraints on the trade with France examined 192 |
| the trade with France might be more advantageous to each country than that with any other 202 |
| why one of the richest countries in Europe, while Spain and Portugal are among the poorest 221 |
| review of her American colonies 234 |
| the trade of her colonies, how regulated 236 |
| distinction between enumerated and non-enumerated commodities explained 237 |
| restrains manufactures in America 238, 239 |
| indulgences granted to the colonists 239 |
| constitutional freedom of her colony government 240 |
| the sugar colonies of, worse governed than those of France 241 |
| disadvantages resulting from retaining the exclusive trade of tobacco with Maryland and Virginia 244, 245 |
| the advantage of the colony trade estimated 247 |
| a gradual relaxation of the exclusive trade recommended 250 |
| events which have concurred to prevent the ill effects of the loss of the colony trade 250 |
| the natural good effects of the colony trade more than counterbalance the bad effects of the monopoly 251 |
| to maintain a monopoly, the principal end of the dominion assumed over the colonies 254 |
| has derived nothing but loss from this dominion 254 |
| is perhaps the only state which has only increased its expenses by extending its empire 256 |
| the constitution of, would have been completed by admitting of American representation 258 |
| review of the administration of the East India Company 264, 265 |
| the interest of the consumer sacrificed to that of the producer in raising an empire in America 274 |
| the annual revenue of, compared with its annual rents and interest of capital stock 345, 346 |
| the land-tax of, considered 348 |
| tithes 352 |
| window-tax 357 |
| stamp-duties 363, 365 |
| poll-taxes in the reign of William III. 367 |
| the uniformity of taxation in, favourable to internal trade 382 |
| the system of taxation in, compared with that in France 384 |
| account of the unfunded debt of 387 |
| funded debt 388 |
| aggregate and general funds 388 |
| sinking fund 389 |
| annuities for terms of years and for lives 389 |
| perpetual annuities the best transferable stock 391 |
| the reduction of the public debts during peace bears no proportion to their accumulation during war 392 |
| the trade with the tobacco colonies, how carried on, without the intervention of specie 401 |
| the trade with the sugar colonies explained 401 |
| ireland and America ought in justice to contribute towards the discharge of her public debts 402 |
| how the territorial acquisitions of the East India Company might be rendered a source of revenue 403 |
| if no such assistance can be obtained, her only resource pointed out 403 |
| Bullion |
| the money of the great mercantile republic 179 |
| Burghs |
| free, the origin of 163 |
| to what circumstances they owed their corporate jurisdictions 163 |
| why admitted to send representatives to parliament 164 |
| are allowed to protect refugees from the country 165 |
| Burn |
| his observation on the laws relating to the settlements of the poor 58, 59 |
| Butcher's meat |
| nowhere a necessary of life 370 |
| Calvinists |
| origin of that sect 339 |
| their principles of church government 339 |
| Cameron |
| of Lochiel, exercised, within thirty years since, a criminal jurisdiction over his own tenants 168 |
| Canada |
| the French colony there, long under the government of an exclusive company 234 |
| but improved speedily after the dissolution of the company 234 |
| Canals |
| navigable, the advantages of 62 |
| how to be made and maintained 303 |
| that of Languedoc, the support of, how secured 303 |
| may be successfully managed by joint stock companies 317 |
| Cantillon |
| remarks on his account of the earnings of the labouring poor 28 |
| Cape of Good Hope |
| causes of the prosperity of the Dutch settlement there 263 |
| Capital |
| in trade, explained, and how employed 112 |
| distinguished into circulating and, fixed capitals 112 |
| characteristic of fixed capitals 113 |
| the several kinds of fixed capitals specified 113 |
| characteristic of circulating capitals, and the several kinds of 114 |
| fixed capitals supported by those which are circulating 114 |
| circulating capitals how supported 114 |
| intention of a fixed capital 116 |
| the expense of maintaining the fixed and circulating capitals illustrated 116 |
| money, as an article of circulating capital, considered 116 |
| money no measure of capital 118 |
| what quantity of industry any capital can employ 120 |
| capitals, how far they may be extended by paper credit 125 |
| must always be replaced with profit by the annual produce of land and labour 136 |
| the proportion between capital and revenue regulates the proportion between industry and idleness 138 |
| how it is increased or diminished 138 |
| national evidences of the increase of 141 |
| in what instances private expenses contribute to enlarge the national capital 142 |
| the increase of, reduces profits by competition 145 |
| the different ways of employing a capital 147 |
| how replaced to the different classes of traders 148 |
| that employed in agriculture puts into motion a greater quantity of productive labour than any equal capital employed in manufacturers 149 |
| that of a manufacturer should reside within the country 150 |
| the operation of capitals employed in agriculture, manufactures, and foreign trade compared 150 |
| the prosperity of a country depends on the due proportion of its capital applied to these three grand objects 151 |
| different returns of capitals employed in foreign trade 152 |
| is rather employed in agriculture than in trade and manufactures, on equal terms 155, 156 |
| is rather employed in manufactures than in foreign trade 156 |
| the natural progress of the employment of 157 |
| acquired by trade, is very precarious, until realized by the cultivation and improvement of land 172 |
| the employment of, in the different species of trade, how determined 183 |
| Capitation taxes |
| the nature of, considered 367 |
| in England 367 |
| in France 367 |
| Carriage |
| land and water, compared 8 |
| water carriage contributes to improve arts and industry in all countries where it can be used 9, 62, 87 |
| land, how facilitated and reduced in price by public works 303 |
| Carrying trade |
| the nature and operation of, examined 152 |
| is the symptom, but not the cause of national wealth, and hence points out the two richest countries in Europe 153 |
| trades may appear to be carrying trades which are not so 153 |
| the disadvantages of, to individuals 183 |
| the Dutch, how excluded from being the carriers to Great Britain 187, 188 |
| drawbacks of duties originally granted for the encouragement of 205 |
| Carthaginian army |
| its superiority over the Roman army accounted for 294 |
| Cattle and Corn |
| their value compared, in the different stages of agriculture 62 |
| the price of, reduced by artificial grasses 63 |
| to what height the price of cattle may rise in an improving country 92, 93 |
| the raising a stock of, necessary for the supply of manure to farms 93 |
| cattle must bear a good price to be well fed 93 |
| great multiplication of European cattle in America 94 |
| are killed in some countries merely for the sake of the hides and tallow 97 |
| the market for these articles more extensive than for the carcase 97 |
| this market sometimes brought nearer home by the establishment of manufactures 97 |
| how the extension of cultivation raises the price of animal food 103 |
| is perhaps the only commodity more expensive to transport by sea than by land 186 |
| great Britain never likely to be much affected by the free importation of Irish cattle 186 |
| Certificates |
| parish, the laws relating to, with observations on them 58 |
| Child |
| Sir Josiah, his observation on trading companies 309 |
| Children |
| riches unfavourable to the production, and extreme poverty to the raising, of them 33 |
| the mortality still greater among those maintained by charity 33 |
| China |
| to what the early improvement in arts and industry there was owing 9 |
| concurrent testimonies of the misery of the lower ranks of the Chinese 30 |
| is not, however, a declining country 30 |
| high rate of interest of money there 40 |
| great state assumed by the grandees 86 |
| the price of labour there lower than in the greater mpart of Europe 87 |
| silver the most profitable article to send thither 87 |
| the proportional value of gold to silver, how rated there 89 |
| the value of gold and silver much higher there than in any part of Europe 101 |
| agriculture favoured there beyond manufactures 282 |
| foreign trade not favoured there 283 |
| extension of the home market 283 |
| great attention paid to the roads there 305, 306 |
| in what the principal revenue of the sovereign consists 353 |
| the revenue of, partly raised in kind 353 |
| Church |
| the richer the church the poorer the state 341 |
| amount of the revenue of church of Scotland 342 |
| the revenue of the church heavier taxed in Prussia than lay proprietors 351 |
| the nature and effect of tithes considered 352 |
| Circulation |
| the dangerous practice of raising money by, explained 127 |
| in traffic, the two different branches of, considered 132 |
| Cities |
| circumstances which contributed to their opulence 165 |
| those of Italy the first that rose to consequence 165 |
| the commerce and manufactures of, have occasioned the improvement and cultivation of the country 170 |
| Clergy |
| a supply of, provided for, by public and private foundations for their education 55 |
| curates worse paid than many mechanics 55 |
| of an established religion, why unsuccessful against the teachers of a new religion 330 |
| why they persecute their adversaries 330 |
| the zeal of the inferior clergy of the church of Rome, how kept alive 330 |
| utility of ecclesiastical establishments 331 |
| how connected with the civil magistrate 331, 332 |
| unsafe for the civil magistrate to differ with them 334 |
| must be managed without violence 334, 335 |
| of the church of Rome, one great army cantoned over Europe 335, 336 |
| their power similar to that of the temporal barons during the feudal monkish ages 336 |
| how the power of the Romish clergy declined 337 |
| evils attending allowing parishes to elect their own ministers 339 |
| Clothing |
| more plentiful than food in uncultivated countries 68 |
| the materials for, the first articles rude nations have to offer 68 |
| Coal |
| must generally be cheaper than wood to gain the preference for fuel 70 |
| the price of, how reduced 70 |
| the exportation of, subjected to a duty higher than the prime cost of, at the pit 273 |
| the cheapest of all fuel 370 |
| the tax on absurdly regulated 370 |
| Coal mines |
| their different degrees of fertility 70 |
| when fertile, are sometimes unprofitable by situation 70 |
| the proportion of rent generally paid for 70, 71 |
| the machinery necessary to, expensive 112 |
| Coal trade |
| from Newcastle to London employs more shipping than all the other carrying trade of England 153 |
| Cochin China |
| remarks on the principal article of cultivation there 66 |
| Coin |
| stamped, the origin and peculiar advantages of, in commerce 11 |
| the different species of, in different ages and countries 11 |
| causes of the alterations in the value of 11, 12, 13, 14 |
| how the standard coin of different nations came to be of different metals 16 |
| a reform in the English coinage suggested 19 |
| silver, consequences attending the debasement of 82 |
| coinage of France and Britain examined 193 |
| why coin is privately melted down 225 |
| the mint chiefly employed to keep up the quantity thus diminished 225 |
| a duty to pay the coinage would preserve money from being melted or counterfeited 225 |
| standard of the gold coin in France 225 |
| how a seignorage on coin would operate 226 |
| a revenue lost by government defraying the expense of coinage 227 |
| amount of the annual coinage before the late reformation of the gold coin 227 |
| the law for the encouragement of, founded on prejudice 227 |
| consequences of raising the denomination as an expedient to facilitate the payment of public debts 395 |
| adulteration of 397 |
| Colbert |
| M., the policy of his commercial regulations disputed 189, 275 |
| his character 275 |
| Colleges |
| cause of the depreciation of their money rents inquired into 14 |
| the endowments of, from whence they generally arise 318 |
| whether they have in general answered the purposes of their institution 318 |
| these endowments have diminished the necessity of application in the teachers 319 |
| the privileges of graduates by residence, and charitable foundation of scholarships, injurious to collegiate education 320 |
| discipline of 320 |
| Colliers and Coal-heavers |
| their high earnings accounted for 43 |
| Colonies |
| new, the natural progress of 38 |
| modern, the commercial advantages derived from them 183 |
| ancient, on what principles founded 227, 228 |
| ancient Grecian colonies not retained under subjection to the parent states 228 |
| distinction between the Roman and Greek colonies 228 |
| circumstances that led to the establishment of European colonies in the East Indies and America 228 |
| the East Indies discovered by Vasco de Gama 229 |
| the West, Indies discovered by Columbus 229 |
| gold the object of the first Spanish enterprises there 230 |
| and of all those of all other European nations 231 |
| causes of the prosperity of new colonies 231 |
| rapid progress of the ancient Greek colonies 232 |
| the Roman colonies slow in improvement 232 |
| the remoteness of America and the West Indies greatly in favour of the European colonies there 232 |
| review of the British American colonies 234 |
| expense of the civil establishments in British America 235 |
| ecclesiastical government 235 |
| general view of the restraints laid upon the trade of the European colonies 236 |
| the trade of the British colonies, how regulated 236 |
| the different kinds of non-enumerated commodities specified 237 |
| enumerated commodities 238 |
| restraints upon their manufactures 238 |
| indulgences granted them by Britain 239 |
| were free in every other respect except as to their foreign trade 240 |
| little credit due to the policy of Europe from the success of the colonies 242 |
| throve by the disorder and injustice of the European governments 242 |
| have contributed to augment the industry of all the countries of Europe 243 |
| exclusive privileges of trade a dead weight upon all these exertions both in Europe and America 243 |
| have in general been a source of expense instead of revenue to their mother countries 244 |
| have only benefited their mother countries by the exclusive trade carried on with them 244 |
| consequences of the navigation act 245 |
| the advantage of the colony trade to Britain estimated 247 |
| a gradual relaxation of the exclusive commerce recommended 250 |
| events which have prevented Britain from sensibly feeling the loss of the colony trade 250 |
| the effects of the colony trade, and the monopoly of that trade, distinguished 250 |
| to maintain a monopoly, the principal end of the dominion Great Britain assumes over the colonies 254 |
| amount of the ordinary peace establishment of 254 |
| the two late wars Britain sustained, colony wars, to support a monopoly 254 |
| two modes by which they might be taxed 255 |
| their assemblies not likely to tax them 255 |
| taxes by parliamentary requisition as little likely to be raised 256 |
| representatives of, might he seated into the British parliament with good effect 257 |
| answer to objections against American representation 258 |
| the interest of the consumer in Britain sacrificed to that of the producer in raising an empire in America 274 |
| Columbus |
| the motive that led to his discovery of Americas 229 |
| why he gave the name of Indies to the islands he discovered 229 |
| his triumphal exhibition of their productions 230 |
| Columella |
| his instructions for fencing a kitchen garden 64 |
| advises the planting of vineyards 65 |
| Commerce |
| the different common standards or mediums made use of to facilitate the exchange of commodities in the early stages of 10 |
| origin of money 10 |
| definition of the term value 12 |
| treaties of, though advantageous to the merchants and manufacturers of the favoured countries, necessarily, disadvantageous to those of the favouring country 222 |
| Methuen 223 |
| restraints laid upon the European colonies in America 236 |
| the present splendour of the mercantile system owing to the discovery and colonization of America 259 |
| review of the plan by which it proposes to enrich a country 266 |
| the interest of the consumer constantly sacrificed to that of the producer 274 |
| Commodities |
| the barter of, insufficient for the mutual supply of the wants of mankind 10 |
| metals found to be the best medium to facilitate the exchange of 10 |
| labour an invariable standard for the value of 14 |
| real and nominal prices of, distinguished 14 |
| component parts of the prices of, explained and illustrated 21 |
| natural and market prices of, distinguished and how regulated 23 |
| the price of rude produce, how affected by the advance of wealth and improvement 91, 92 |
| foreign are primarily purchased with the produce of domestic industry 151 |
| when advantageously exported in a rude state, even by a foreign capital 156 |
| the quantity of, in every country, naturally regulated by the demand 176 |
| wealth in goods, and in money, compared 177 |
| exportation of, to a proper market, always attended with more profit than that of gold and silver 179 |
| the natural advantages of countries in particular productions sometimes not possible to struggle against 185 |
| Company |
| mercantile, incapable of consulting their true interests when they become sovereigns 264 |
| an exclusive company a public nuisance 265 |
| trading, how first formed 307 |
| regulated and joint-stock companies distinguished 307 |
| regulated companies in Great Britain specified 307, 308 |
| are useless 308 |
| constant view of such companies 308 |
| forts and garrisons, why never maintained by regulated companies 309 |
| the nature of joint-stock companies explained 310, 311, 316 |
| a monopoly necessary to enable a joint-stock company to carry on a foreign trade 317 |
| what kind of joint-stock companies need no exclusive privileges 317 |
| joint-stock companies, why well adapted to the trade of banking 317 |
| the trade of insurance may be carried on successfully by a joint-stock company 317 |
| also, inland navigations, and the supply of water to a great city 317 |
| ill success of joint-stock companies in other undertakings 318 |
| Competition |
| the effect of, in the purchase of commodities 23 |
| among the venders 23, 37 |
| Concordat |
| in France, its object 337 |
| Congress |
| American, its strength owing to the important characters it confers on the members of it 257 |
| Conversion price |
| in the payment of rents in Scotland, explained 76, 77 |
| Copper |
| the standard measure of value among the ancient Romans 16 |
| is no legal tender in England 16 |
| Cori |
| Domingo, described 229 |
| Corn |
| the raising of, in different countries, not subject to the same degree of rivalship, as manufactures 3, 4 |
| is the best standard for reserved rents 14 |
| the price of, how regulated 15 |
| the price of, the best standard for comparing the different values of particular commodities at different times and places 16 |
| the three component parts in the price of 21 |
| is dearer in Scotland than in England 31 |
| its value compared with that of butcher's meat, in the different periods of agriculture 62 |
| compared with silver 75 |
| circumstances in a historical view of the prices of corn that have misled writers in treating of the value of silver at different periods 76 |
| is always a more accurate measure of value than any other commodity 79 |
| why dearer in great towns than in the country 80 |
| why dearer in some rich commercial countries, as Holland and Genoa 80 |
| rose in its nominal price on the discovery of the American mines 81 |
| and in consequence of the civil war under king Charles I. 81 |
| and in consequence of the bounty on the exportation of 82 |
| tendency of the bounty examined 83 |
| chronological table of the prices of 108 |
| the least profitable article of growth in the British West Indian colonies 159 |
| the restraints formerly laid upon the trade of, unfavourable to the cultivation of land 162 |
| the free importation of, could little affect the farmers of Great Britain 187 |
| the policy of the bounty on the exportation of, examined 206 |
| the reduction in the price of, not produced by the bounty 206 |
| tillage not encouraged by the bounty 206 |
| the money price of, regulates that of all other home-made commodities 207 |
| illustration 208 |
| ill effects of the bounty 208 |
| motives of the country gentlemen in granting the bounty 209 |
| the natural value of not to be altered by altering the money price 210 |
| the four several branches of the corn trade specified 213 |
| the inland dealer, for his own interest, will not raise the price of, higher than the scarcity of the season requires 213 |
| corn a commodity the least liable to be monopolised 214 |
| the inland dealers too numerous and dispersed to form a general combination 214 |
| dearths, never artificial, but when government interferes improperly to prevent them 214 |
| the freedom of the corn trade the best security against a famine 215 |
| old English statute to prohibit the corn trade 215 |
| consequences of farmers being forced to become corn dealers 215 |
| the use of corn dealers to the farmers 216 |
| the prohibitory statute against the corn trade softened 217 |
| but still under the influence of popular prejudices 217, 218 |
| the average quantity imported and exported compared with the consumption and annual produce 218 |
| tendency of a free importation of 219 |
| the home-market the most important one for corn 219 |
| for regulating the importation of wheat, confessed by the suspension of its execution by temporary statutes 219 |
| note 219 |
| the home-market indirectly supplied by the exportation of corn 219 |
| how a liberal system of free exportation and importation and among all nations would operate 220 |
| the laws concerning corn, similar to those relating to religion 221 |
| the home-market supplied by the carrying trade 221 |
| the system of laws connected with the establishment of the bounty, undeserving of praise 221 |
| by what authority erected 50, 52 |
| the advantages they derive from the surrounding country 52 |
| check the operations of competition 54 |
| their internal regulations combinations against the public 54 |
| are injurious even to the members of them 54 |
| the laws of, obstruct the free circulation of labour from one employment to another 57 |
| origin of 163 |
| are exempted by their privileges from the power of the feudal barons 164 |
| the European East India companies disadvantageous to the eastern commerce 181, 182 |
| the exclusive privileges of corporations ought to be destroyed 191 |
| Cottagers |
| in Scotland, their situation described 49 |
| are cheap manufacturers of stockings 49 |
| the diminution of, in England, considered 95 |
| Coward |
| character of 329 |
| Crusades |
| to the Holy land, favourable to the revival of commerce 165 |
| Currency of states |
| remarks on 194 |
| Customs |
| the motives and tendency of drawbacks from the duties of 203 |
| the revenue of the customs increased by drawbacks 205 |
| occasion of first imposing the duties of 307 |
| origin of those duties 371 |
| three ancient branches of 372 |
| drawbacks of 372 |
| are regulated according to the mercantile system 372, 373 |
| frauds practised to obtain drawbacks and bounties 373 |
| the duties of, in many instances uncertain 373 |
| improvement of, suggested 374 |
| computation of the expense of collecting them 380 |
| Dairy |
| the business of, generally carried on as a save-all 96 |
| circumstances which impede or promote the attention to it 96 |
| english and Scotch dairies 96 |
| Danube |
| the navigation of that river, why of little use to the interior parts of the country from whence it flows 9 |
| Davenant |
| his objections to the transferring the duties on beer to the malt considered 377 |
| Dearths |
| never caused by combinations among the dealers in corn, but by some general calamity 214 |
| the free exercise of the corn trade the best palliative against the inconveniencies of a dearth 217 |
| corn dealers the best friends to the people at such seasons 218 |
| Debts |
| public, the origin of, traced 386 |
| are accelerated by the expenses attending war 386 |
| account of the unfunded debt of Great Britain 387 |
| the funded debt 388 |
| aggregate and general funds 389 |
| sinking fund 389 |
| annuities for terms of years and for lives 389 |
| the reduction of, during peace, bears no proportion to its accumulation during war 391 |
| the plea of the interest being no burden to the nation considered 394 |
| are seldom fairly paid when accumulated to a certain degree 396 |
| might easily be discharged, by extending the British system of taxation over all the provinces of the empire 397 |
| ireland and America ought to contribute to discharge the public debts of Britain 402 |
| Decker |
| Sir Matthew, his observations on the accumulation of taxes 369 |
| his proposal for transferring all taxes to the consumer, by annual payments, considered 371 |
| Demand |
| though the increase of, may at first raise the price of goods, it never fails to reduce it afterwards 314 |
| Denmark |
| account of the settlements of, in the West Indies 234 |
| Diamonds |
| the mines of, not always worth working for 73 |
| Discipline |
| the great importance of, in war 293 |
| instances of 293 |
| Diversions |
| public, their political use 334 |
| Domingo |
| mistaken by Columbus for a part of the East Indies 229 |
| its principal productions 229 |
| the natives soon stripped of all their gold 230 |
| historical view of the French colony there 234 |
| Doomsday-book |
| the intention of that compilation 351 |
| Dorians |
| ancient, where the colonies of, settled 227 |
| Dramatic exhibitions |
| the political use of 334 |
| Drawbacks |
| in commerce, explained 182 |
| the motives to, and tendency of, explained 203 |
| on wines, currants, and wrought silks 203 |
| on tobacco and sugar 204 |
| on wines, particularly considered 204 |
| were originally granted to encourage the carrying trade 205 |
| the revenue of the customs increased by them 205 |
| drawbacks allowed in favour of the colonies 213 |
| Drugs |
| regulations of their importation and exportation 272 |
| Drunkenness |
| the motive to this vice inquired into 200 |
| Dutch |
| their settlements in America slow in in improvement, because under the government of an exclusive company 234 |
| their East India trade checked by monopoly 261 |
| East India company |
| a monopoly against the very nation in which it is erected 261 |
| the operation of such a company in a poor and in a rich country compared 261 |
| that country whose capital is not large enough to extend to such a distant trade ought not to engage in it 262 |
| the mercantile habits of trading companies render them incapable of consulting their true interests when they become sovereigns 264 |
| the genius of the administration of the English company 264 |
| subordinate practices of their agents and clerks 265 |
| the bad conduct of agents in India owing to their situation 265 |
| such an exclusive company a nuisance in every respect 266 |
| brief review of their history 313 |
| their privileges invaded 313 |
| a rival company formed 313 |
| the two companies united 314 |
| are infected by the spirit of war and conquest 314 |
| agreements between the company and government 314 |
| interference of government in their territorial administration 315 |
| and in the direction at home 315 |
| why unfit to govern a great empire 315 |
| their sovereign and commercial characters incompatible 344 |
| how the territorial acquisitions of, might be rendered a source of revenue 403 |
| East Indies |
| representation of the miserable state of the provinces of, under the English government there 30 |
| historical view of the European trade with those countries 86 |
| rice countries more populous and rich than corn countries 86 |
| the real price of labour lower in China and Indostan than in the greater part of Europe 87 |
| gold and silver the most profitable commodities to carry thither 87 |
| the proportional value of gold to silver, how rated there 89 |
| great extension of foreign commerce by the discovery of a passage to, round the Cape of Good Hope 181 |
| historical review of the intercourse with 181, 182 |
| effect of the annual exportation of silver to, from Europe 182 |
| the trade with, chiefly carried on by exclusive companies 261 |
| tendency of their monopolies 261 |
| Economists |
| sect of, in France, their political tenets 275 |
| Edinburgh |
| its present share of trade owing to the removal of the court and parliament 138 |
| Education |
| the principal cause of the various talents observable in different men 7 |
| those parts of, for which there are no public institutions, generally the best taught 320 |
| in universities, a view of 323 |
| of travelling for 324 |
| course of, in the republics of ancient Greece 324 |
| in ancient Rome 324 |
| the ancient teachers superior to those in modern times 326 |
| public institutions injurious to good education 326 |
| inquiry how far the public ought to attend to the education of the people 327 |
| the different opportunities of education in the different ranks of the people 328 |
| the advantages of proper attention in the state to the education of the people 329 |
| Egypt |
| the first country in which agriculture and manufactures appear to have been cultivated 9 |
| agriculture was greatly favoured there 283 |
| was long the granary of the Roman empire 284 |
| Ejectment |
| action of, in England, when invented, and its operation 160 |
| Employments |
| the advantages and disadvantages of the different kinds of, in the same neighbourhood, continually tend to equality 41 |
| the differences or inequalities among, specified 41 |
| the constancy or precariousness of, influences the rate of wages 43 |
| England |
| the dates of its several species of coinage, silver, gold, and copper 16 |
| why labour is cheaper there than in North America 29 |
| the rate of population in both countries compared 29 |
| the produce and labour of, have gradually increased from the earliest accounts in history, while writers are representing the country as rapidly declining 141 |
| enumeration of obstructions and calamities which the prosperity of the country has surmounted 141 |
| circumstances that favour commerce and manufactures 171 |
| laws in favour of agriculture 171 |
| why formerly unable to carry on foreign wars of long duration 180 |
| why the commerce with France has been subjected to so many discouragements 202 |
| foundation of the enmity between these countries 202 |
| translation of the commercial treaty concluded in 1703 with Portugal 223 |
| inquiry into the value of the trade with Portugal 223, 224 |
| might procure gold without the Portugal trade 224 |
| consequences of securing the colony trade by the navigation act 245 |
| Entails |
| the law of, prevents the division of land by alienation 157 |
| intention of 158 |
| Europe |
| general review of the several nations of, as to their improvement since the discovery of America 85 |
| the two richest countries in, enjoy the greatest shares of the carrying trade 153 |
| inquiry into the advantages derived by, from the discovery and colonization of America 243 |
| the particular advantages derived by each colonizing country 244 |
| and by others which have no colonies 259 |
| Exchange |
| the operation of, in the commercial intercourse of different countries 174 |
| the course of, an uncertain criterion of the balance of trade between two countries 192, 193 |
| is generally in favour of those countries which pay in bank money, against those which pay in common currency 198 |
| Excise |
| the principal objects of 371 |
| the duties of, more clear and distinct than the customs 373 |
| affects only a few articles of the most general consumption 373 |
| the scheme of Sir Robert Walpole defended 375 |
| the excise upon home-made fermented and spiritous liquors the most productive 376 |
| expense of levying excise duties computed 380 |
| the laws of, more vexatious than those of the customs 381 |
| Exercise |
| military, alteration in, produced by the invention of fire-arms 292 |
| Expenses |
| private, how they influence the national capital 33 |
| advantage of bestowing them on durable commodities 33 |
| Export trade |
| the principles of, explained 153 |
| when rude produce may be advantageously exported, even by a foreign capital 156, 157 |
| why encouraged by European nations 182, 183 |
| by what means promoted 183 |
| the motives to, and tendency of, drawbacks of duties 203 |
| the grants of bounties on, considered 205 |
| exportation of the materials of manufactures, review of the restraints and prohibitions of 268 |
| Fairs |
| public, in Scotland, the nature of the institution, explained 76, 77 |
| Faith |
| articles of, how regulated by the civil magistrate 354 |
| Families |
| seldom remain on large estates many generations in commercial countries 170 |
| Farmers |
| of the public revenue, their character 383, 391 |
| Farmers of land |
| the several articles that compose their gain distinguished 22 |
| require more knowledge and experience than the generality of manufacturers 53 |
| in what their capitals consist 112 |
| the great quantity of productive labour put into motion by their capitals 149 |
| artificers necessary to them 156 |
| their situation better in England than in any other part of Europe 160 |
| labour under great disadvantages everywhere 161 |
| origin of long leases of farms 170 |
| are a class of men least subject to the wretched spirit of monopoly 187 |
| were forced by old statutes to become the only dealers in corn 215 |
| could not sell corn cheaper than any other corn merchant 216 |
| could seldom sell it so cheap 216 |
| the culture of land obstructed by this division of their capitals 217 |
| the use of corn-dealers to the farmers 217 |
| how they contribute to the annual production of the land, according to the French agricultural system of political economy 275 |
| Feudal government |
| miserable state of the occupiers of land under 137 |
| trade and interest of money under 137 |
| chiefs, their power 157 |
| slaves, their situation 159 |
| tenures of land 159 |
| taxation 161 |
| original poverty and servile state of the tradesmen in towns 162 |
| immunities seldom granted but for valuable considerations 163 |
| origin of free burghs 163 |
| the power of the barons reduced by municipal privileges 163 |
| the cause and effect of ancient hospitality 167 |
| extensive power of the ancient barons 168 |
| was not established in England until the Norman conquest 168 |
| was silently subverted by manufactures and commerce 169 |
| Feudal wars |
| how supported 290 |
| military exercises not well attended to, under 291 |
| standing armies gradually introduced to supply the place of the feudal militia 295 |
| account of the casualties or taxes under 363 |
| revenues under, how enjoyed by the great landholders 385 |
| Fines |
| for the renewal of leases, the motive for exacting them, and their tendency 349 |
| Fire-arms |
| alteration in the art of war effected by the invention of 292, 295 |
| the invention of, favourable to the extension of civilisation 296 |
| Fish |
| the component parts of the price of, explained 21 |
| the multiplication of, at market, by human industry, both limited and uncertain 99 |
| how an increase of demand raises the price of fish 100 |
| Fisheries |
| observations on the tonnage bounties granted to 211 |
| the boat fishery ruined by this bounty 212 |
| Flanders |
| the ancient commercial prosperity of, perpetuated by the solid improvements of agriculture 172 |
| Flax |
| the component parts of the price of, explained 21 |
| Fleetwood |
| Bishop, remarks on his Chronicon Pretiosum 77, 78 |
| Flour |
| the component parts of the price of, explained 21 |
| Food |
| will always purchase as much labor as it can maintain on the spot 61 |
| bread and butcher's meat compared 62, 63 |
| is the original source of every other production 69 |
| the abundance of, constitutes the principal part of the riches of the world, and gives the principal value to many other kinds of riches 73 |
| Forestalling and engrossing |
| the popular fear of, like the suspicions of witchcraft 218 |
| Forts |
| when necessary for the protection of commerce 306 |
| France |
| fluctuations in the legal rate of interest for money there during the course of the present century 37, 38 |
| remarks on the trade and riches of 38 |
| the nature of apprenticeships there 51 |
| the propriety of restraining the planting of vineyards examined 65 |
| variations in the price of grain there 73 |
| the money price of labour has sunk gradually with the money price of corn 84 |
| foundation of the Mississippi scheme 130 |
| little trade or industry to be found in the parliament towns of 138 |
| description of the class of farmers called metayers 159 |
| laws relating to the tenure of land 161 |
| services formerly exacted besides rent 161 |
| the taille, what, and in operation in checking the cultivation of land 161 |
| origin of the magistrates and councils of cities 164 |
| no direct legal encouragement given to agriculture 171 |
| Colbert's commercial regulations 189 |
| french goods heavily taxed in Great Britain 192 |
| the commercial intercourse between France and England, now chiefly carried on by smugglers 192 |
| the policy of the commercial restraints between France and Britain considered 192 |
| state of the coinage there 194 |
| why the commerce with England has been subjected to discouragement 202 |
| foundation of the enmity between these countries 202 |
| remarks concerning the seignorage on coin 225 |
| standard of the gold coin there 225 |
| the trade of the French colonies, how regulated 237 |
| the government of the colonies conducted with moderation 241 |
| the sugar colonies of, better governed than those of Britain 241 |
| the kingdom of, how taxed 256 |
| the members of the league fought more in defence of their own importance than for any other cause 258 |
| under what direction the funds for the repair of the roads are placed 305 |
| general state of the roads 305 |
| the universities badly governed 319 |
| remarks on the management of the parliaments of 335 |
| measures taken in, to reduce the power of the clergy 337 |
| account of the mode of rectifying the inequalities of the predial taille in the generality of Montauban 352 |
| the personal taille explained 360 |
| the inequalities in, how remedied 361 |
| how the personal taille discourages cultivation 361 |
| the vingtieme 362 |
| stamp duties and the controle 364, 365 |
| the capitation tax, how rated 367 |
| restraints upon the interior trade of the country by the local variety of the revenue laws 382 |
| the duties on tobacco and salt, how levied 383 |
| the different sources of revenue in 384 |
| how the finances of, might be reformed 384 |
| the French system of taxation compared with that in Britain 384 |
| the nature of tontines explained 390 |
| estimate of the whole national debt of 390 |
| Frugality |
| generally a predominating principle in human nature 140 |
| Fuller's earth |
| the exportation of why prohibited 271 |
| Funds |
| British, brief historical view of 387 |
| operation of, politically considered 393 |
| the practice of funding has gradually enfeebled every state that has adopted it 395 |
| Fur trade |
| the first principles of 68 |
| Gama |
| Vasco de, the first European who discovered a naval track to the East Indies 229 |
| Gardening |
| the gains from, distinguished into the component parts 22 |
| not a profitable employment 64 |
| General |
| fund in the British finances explained 389 |
| Genoa |
| why corn is dear in the territory of 80 |
| Glasgow |
| the trade of, doubled in fifteen years, by erecting banks there 120 |
| why a city of greater trade than Edinburgh 138 |
| Gold |
| not the standard value in England 16 |
| its value measured by silver 17 |
| reformation of the gold coin 17 |
| mint price of gold in England 17 |
| the working the mines of, in Peru, very unprofitable 71 |
| qualities for which this metal is valued 72 |
| the proportionate value of, to silver, how rated before and after the discovery of the American mines 89 |
| is cheaper in the Spanish market than silver 90 |
| great quantities of, remitted annually from Portugal to England 223 |
| why little of it remains in England 223 |
| is always to be had for its value 224 |
| Gold and Silver |
| the prices of, how affected by the increase of the quantity of the metals 79 |
| are commodities that naturally seek the best market 80 |
| are metals of the least value among the poorest nations 80 |
| the increase in the quantity of, by means of wealth and improvement, has no tendency to diminish their value 81 |
| the annual consumption of those metals very considerable 87 |
| annual importation of, into Spain and Portugal 88 |
| are not likely to multiply beyond the demand 88 |
| the durability of, the cause of the steadiness of their price 88 |
| on what circumstances the quantity of, in every particular country, depends 100 |
| the low value of these metals in a country no evidence of its wealth, nor their high value of its poverty 101 |
| if not employed at home, will be sent abroad notwithstanding all prohibitions 139 |
| the reason why European nations have studied to accumulate these metals 174 |
| commercial arguments in favour of their exportation 174 |
| these and all other commodities are mutually the prices of each other 175 |
| the quantity of, in every country, regulated by the effectual demand 176 |
| why the prices of these metals do not fluctuate so much as those of other commodities 176 |
| to preserve a due quantity of, in a country, no proper object of attention for the government 176 |
| the accumulated gold and silver in a country distinguished into three parts 178 |
| a great quantity of bullion alternately exported and imported for the purposes of foreign trade 179 |
| annual amount of these metals imported into Spain and Portugal 180 |
| the importation of, not the principal benefit derived from foreign trade 181 |
| the value of, how affected by the discovery of the American mines 181 |
| and by the passage round the Cape of Good Hope to the East Indies 181 |
| effect of the annual exportation of silver to the East Indies 182 |
| the commercial means pursued to increase the quantity of these metals in a country 182, 192 |
| bullion, how received and paid at the bank of Amsterdam 195 |
| at what prices 196 |
| a trading country without mines not likely to be exhausted by an annual exportation of these metals 200 |
| the value of, in Spain and Portugal, depreciated by restraining the exportation of them 208 |
| are not imported for the purposes of plate or coin, but for foreign trade 224 |
| the search after mines of, the most ruinous of all projects 230 |
| are valuable because scarce and difficult to be procured 231 |
| Gorgias |
| evidence of the wealth he acquired by teaching 56 |
| Government |
| civil, indispensibly necessary for the security of private property 297 |
| subordination in society, by what means introduced 297 |
| inequality of fortune introduces civil government for its preservation 299 |
| the administration of justice a source of revenue in early times 299 |
| why government ought not to have the management of turnpikes 304 |
| nor of other public works 306 |
| want of parsimony during peace imposes a necessity of contracting debts, to carry on a war 386 |
| origin of a national debt 386 |
| progression of public debts 386 |
| war, why generally agreeable to the people 391 |
| Governors |
| political, the greatest spendthrifts in society 142 |
| Grasses |
| artificial, tend to reduce the price of butcher's meat 63 |
| Graziers |
| subject to monopolies obtained by manufactures to their prejudice 271 |
| Greece |
| foreign trade promoted in several of the ancient states of 284 |
| military exercises a part of general education 291 |
| soldiers not a distinct profession in 291 |
| course of education in the republics of 324 |
| the morals of the Greeks inferior to those of the Romans 324 |
| schools of the philosophers and rhetoricians 325 |
| law no science among the Greeks 325 |
| courts, of justice 325 |
| the martial spirit of the people, how supported 329 |
| Greek colonies |
| how distinguished from Roman colonies 227, 228 |
| rapid progress of these colonies 232 |
| Greek language |
| how introduced as a part of university education 322 |
| philosophy, the three great branches of 322 |
| Ground rents |
| great variations of, according to situation 354 |
| are a more proper subject of taxation, than houses 355 |
| Gum senega |
| review of the regulations imposed on the trade for 272 |
| Gunpowder |
| great revolution effected in the art of war by the invention of 292, 296 |
| this invention favourable to the extension of civilization 296 |
| Gustavus Vasa |
| how enabled to establish the Reformation in Sweden 338 |
| Hamburgh |
| agio of the bank of, explained 195 |
| sources of the revenue of that city 343, 344 |
| the inhabitants of, how taxed to the state 359 |
| Hamburgh company |
| some account of 308 |
| Hanseatic league |
| causes that rendered it formidable 164 |
| why no vestige remains of the wealth of the Hans towns 172 |
| Hearth money |
| why abolished in England 356, 357 |
| Henry VIII. |
| of England, prepares the way for the Reformation, by shutting out the authority of the pope 338 |
| Herring buss bounty |
| remarks on 211 |
| fraudulent claims of the bounty 211 |
| the boat fishery the most natural and profitable 212 |
| account of the British white herring fishery 212 |
| account of the busses fitted out in Scotland, the amount of their cargoes, and the bounties on them 287 |
| Hides |
| the produce of rude countries commonly carried to a distant market 97 |
| price of, in England three centuries ago 98 |
| salted hides inferior to fresh ones 98, 99 |
| the price of, how affected by circumstances in cultivated and in uncultivated countries 99 |
| Highlands of Scotland |
| interesting remarks on the population of 33 |
| military character of the Highlanders 293 |
| Hobbes |
| remarks on his definition of wealth 13 |
| Hogs |
| circumstances which render their flesh cheap or dear 95 |
| Holland |
| observations on the riches, and trade of the republic of 38 |
| not to follow some business unfashionable there 40 |
| cause of the dearness of corn there 80 |
| enjoys the greatest share in the carrying trade of Europe 153 |
| how the Dutch were excluded from being the carriers to Great Britain 188 |
| is a country that prospers under the heaviest taxation 189 |
| account of the bank of Amsterdam 194, 195 |
| this republic derives even its subsistence from foreign trade 202, 203 |
| tax paid on houses there 356 |
| account of the tax upon successions 363 |
| stamp duties 364 |
| high amount of the taxes in 370, 384 |
| its prosperity depends on the republican form of government 385 |
| Honoraries |
| from pupils to teachers in colleges tendency of, to quicken their diligence 319 |
| Hose |
| in the time of Edward IV., how made 104 |
| Hospitality |
| ancient, the cause and effect of 169, 385 |
| House |
| different acceptations of the term in England, and some other countries 49 |
| houses considered as part of the national stock 113 |
| houses produce no revenue 113 |
| the rent of, distinguished into two parts 354 |
| operation of a tax upon house rent, payable by the tenant 354 |
| house rent, the best test of the tenant's circumstances 355 |
| proper regulation of a tax on 355 |
| how taxed in Holland 356 |
| hearth money 356 |
| window tax 357 |
| Hudson's Bay company |
| the nature of their establishment and trade 312 |
| their profits not so high as has been reported 312 |
| Hunters |
| war, how supported by a nation of 289 |
| cannot be very numerous 290 |
| no established administration of justice needful among them 297 |
| age the sole foundation of rank and precedency among 297 |
| no considerable inequality of fortune or subordination to be found among them 298 |
| no hereditary honours in such a society 298 |
| Husbandmen |
| war, how supported by a nation of 290 |
| Idleness |
| unfashionable in Holland 40 |
| Importation |
| why restraints have been imposed on, with the two kinds of 182 |
| how restrained to secure a monopoly of the home market to domestic industry 183 |
| the true policy of these restraints doubtful 183 |
| how far it may be proper to continue the free importation of certain foreign goods 189 |
| how far it may be proper to restore the free importation of goods, after it has been interrupted 189 |
| of the materials of manufacture, review of the legal encouragements given to 266 |
| Independents |
| the principles of that sect, explained 332 |
| Indostan |
| the several classes of people there kept distinct 283 |
| the natives of, how prevented from undertaking long sea voyages 283 |
| Industry |
| the different kinds of, seldom dealt impartially with by any nation 1, 2 |
| the species of, frequently local 8 |
| naturally suited to the demand 24 |
| is increased by the liberal reward of labour 34 |
| how affected by seasons of plenty and scarcity 34, 35 |
| is more advantageously exerted in towns than in the country 53 |
| the average produce of, always suited to the average consumption 79 |
| is promoted by the circulation of paper money 119 |
| three requisites to putting industry in motion 120 |
| how the general character of nations is estimated by 137 |
| and idleness, the proportion between, how regulated 137 |
| is employed for subsistence before it extends to conveniencies and luxury 155 |
| whether the general industry of a society is promoted by commercial restraints on importation 183 |
| private interest naturally points to that employment most advantageous to the society 183 |
| but without intending or knowing it 184 |
| legal regulations of private industry dangerous assumptions of power 185 |
| domestic industry ought not to be employed on what can be purchased cheaper from abroad 185 |
| of the society, can augment only in proportion as its capital augments 185 |
| when it may be necessary to impose some burden upon foreign industry to favour that at home 187 |
| the free exercise of industry ought to be allowed to all 191 |
| the natural effort of every individual to better his condition, will, if unrestrained, result in the prosperity of the society 221 |
| Insurance |
| from fire and sea risks, the nature and profits of examined 45 |
| the trade of insurance may be successfully carried on by a joint-stock company 317, 318 |
| Interest |
| landed, monied, and trading, distinguished 144 |
| for the use of money, the foundation of that allowance explained 22 |
| historical view of the alterations of, in England, and other countries 37 |
| remarks on the high rates of, in Bengal 39 |
| and in China 40 |
| may be raised by defective laws, independent on the influence of wealth or poverty 40 |
| the lowest ordinary rate of, must somewhat more than compensate occasional losses 40 |
| the common relative proportion between interest and mercantile profits inquired into 40 |
| was not lowered, in consequence of the discovery of the American mines 145 |
| how the legal rate of, ought to be fixed 146 |
| consequences of its being fixed too high or too low 146, 147 |
| the market rate of, regulates the price of land 147 |
| whether a proper object of taxation 357 |
| Ireland |
| why never likely to furnish cattle to the prejudice of Great Britain 186 |
| the proposed absentee tax there considered 379 |
| ought in justice to contribute towards the discharge of the public debt of Great Britain 402 |
| expediency of an union with Great Britain 402 |
| Isocrates |
| the handsome income he made by teaching 56 |
| Italy |
| the only great country in Europe which has been cultivated and improved in every part by means of its foreign commerce 172 |
| was originally colonized by the Dorians 227 |
| Jamaica |
| the returns of trade from that island, why irregular 402 |
| Jurisdictions |
| territorial, did not originate in the feudal law 168 |
| Justice |
| the administration of, a duty of the sovereign 297 |
| in early times a source of revenue to him 299 |
| the making justice subservient to the revenue a source of great abuses 299 |
| is never administered gratis 300 |
| the whole administration of, but an inconsiderable part of the expense of government 300 |
| how the whole expense of justice might be defrayed from the fees of court 300 |
| the interference of the jurisdictions of the several English courts of law accounted for 301 |
| law language, how corrupted 302 |
| the judicial and executive power, why divided 302 |
| by whom the expense of administration of, ought to be borne 342 |
| Kalm |
| the Swedish traveller, his account of the husbandry of the British colonies in North America 94 |
| Kelp |
| a rent demanded for the rocks on which it grows 61 |
| King |
| his account of the average price of wheat 83 |
| under feudal institutions, no more than the greatest baron in the nation 168 |
| treasure-trove an important branch of revenue to 385, 386 |
| his situation, how favourable for the accumulating treasure 386 |
| in a commercial country, naturally spends his revenue in luxuries 386 |
| is hence driven to call upon his subjects for extraordinary aids 386 |
| Kings |
| and their ministers the greatest spendthrifts in a country 149 |
| Labour |
| the fund which originally supplies every nation with its annual consumption 1 |
| how the proportion between labour and consumption in regulated 1 |
| the different kinds of industry seldom dealt impartially with by any nation 2 |
| the division of labour considered 2, 3 |
| this division increases the quantity of work 4 |
| instances in illustration 5 |
| the divisibility of governed by the market 8 |
| labour the real measure of the exchangeable value of commodities 12 |
| different kinds of, not easily estimated by immediate comparison 13 |
| is compared by the intermediate standard of money 13 |
| in an invariable standard for the value of commodities 14 |
| has a real and a nominal price 14 |
| the quantity of labour employed on different objects, the only rule for exchanging them in the rude stages of society 20 |
| difference between the wages of labour and profits on stock in manufactures 20 |
| the whole labour of a country never exerted 22 |
| is in every instance suited to the demand 24 |
| the effect of extraordinary calls for 25 |
| the deductions made from the produce of labour employed upon land 27 |
| why dearer in North America than in England 29 |
| is cheap in countries that are stationary 29 |
| the demand for, would continually decrease, in a declining country 30 |
| the province of Bengal cited as an instance 30 |
| is not badly paid for in Great Britain 30, 31 |
| an increasing demand for, favourable to population 33 |
| that of freemen cheaper to the employers than that of slaves 33 |
| the money price of, how regulated 36 |
| is liberally rewarded in new colonies 38 |
| common labour and skilful labour distinguished 42 |
| the free circulation of, from one employment to another, obstructed by corporation laws 57 |
| the unequal prices of, in different places, probably owing to the law of settlements 59 |
| can always procure subsistence on the spot, where it is purchased 61 |
| the money price of, in different countries, how governed 80 |
| is set into motion by stock employed for profit 106 |
| the division of, depends on the accumulation of stock 111 |
| machines to facilitate labour advantageous to society 116 |
| productive and unproductive distinguished 135 |
| various orders of men specified whose labour in unproductive 136 |
| unproductive labourers all maintained by revenue 136 |
| the price of, how raised by the increase of the national capital 145 |
| its price, though nominally raised, may continue the same 146 |
| is liberally rewarded in new colonies 231 |
| of artificers and manufacturers, never adds any value to the whole amount of the rude produce of the land, according to the French agricultural system of political economy 277 |
| this doctrine shewn to be erroneous 281 |
| the productive powers of labour, how to be improved 281 |
| Labourers |
| useful and productive, everywhere proportioned to the capital stock on which they are employed 1, 2 |
| share the produce of their labour, in most cases, with the owners of the stock on which they are employed 20 |
| their wages a continued subject of contest between them and their masters 28 |
| are seldom successful in their outrageous combinations 28 |
| the sufficiency of their earnings a point not easily determined 28 |
| their wages sometimes raised by increase of work 28 |
| their demands limited by the funds destined for payment 29 |
| are continually wanted in North America 29 |
| miserable condition of those in China 29, 30 |
| are not ill paid in Great Britain 30, 31 |
| if able to maintain their families in dear years, they must be at their ease in plentiful seasons 31 |
| a proof furnished in the complaints of their luxury 33 |
| why worse paid than artificers 42 |
| their interests, strictly connected with the interests of the society 106 |
| labour the only source of their revenue 112 |
| effects of a life of labour on the understandings of the poor 327 |
| Land |
| the demand of rent for, how founded 21 |
| the rent paid enters into the greater part of all commodities 21 |
| generally produces more food than will maintain the labour necessary to bring it to market 61 |
| good roads and navigable canals equalize difference of situation 62 |
| that employed in raising food for men and cattle regulates the rent of all other cultivated land 64, 67 |
| can clothe and lodge more than it can feed while uncultivated, and the contrary when improved 68 |
| the culture of land producing food creates a demand for the produce of other lands 73 |
| produces by agriculture a much greater quantity of vegetable than of animal food 79 |
| the full improvement of, requires a stock of cattle to supply manure 93 |
| cause and effect of the diminution of cottagers 95 |
| signs of the land being completely improved 96 |
| the whole annual produce, or the price of it, naturally divides itself into rent, wages, and profit of stock 106 |
| the usual price of, depends on the common rate of interest for money 147 |
| the profits of cultivation exaggerated by projectors 154 |
| the cultivation of, naturally preferred to trade and manufactures, on equal terms 155 |
| artificers necessary to the cultivation of 156 |
| was all appropriated, though not cultivated, by the northern destroyers of the Roman empire 157 |
| origin of the law of primogeniture under the feudal government 157 |
| entails 158 |
| obstacles to the improvement of land under feudal proprietors 158 |
| feudal tenures 159, 160 |
| feudal taxation 161 |
| the improvement of land checked in France, by the taille 161 |
| occupiers of, labour under great disadvantages 161 |
| origin of long leases of 169 |
| small proprietors the best improvers of 170 |
| small purchasers of, cannot hope to raise fortunes by cultivation 170, 171 |
| tenures of, in the British American colonies 235 |
| is the most permanent source of revenue 345 |
| the rent of a whole country not equal to the ordinary levy upon the people 345 |
| the revenue from, proportioned not to the rent, but to the produce 346 |
| reasons for selling the crown lands 346 |
| the land tax of Great Britain considered 348 |
| an improved land-tax suggested 349 |
| tithes a very unequal tax 349 |
| tithes discourage improvement 349 |
| Landholders |
| why frequently inattentive to their own particular interests 106 |
| how they contribute to the annual production of the land, according to the French agricultural system of political economy 275 |
| should be encouraged to cultivate a part of their own land 350 |
| Latin language |
| how it became an essential part of university education 321 |
| Law |
| the language of, how corrupted 302 |
| did not improve into a science in ancient Greece 325 |
| remarks on the courts of justice in Greece and Rome 325, 326 |
| account of his banking scheme for the improvement of Scotland 130 |
| Lawyers |
| why amply rewarded for their labour 44 |
| great amount of their fees 300 |
| Leases |
| the various usual conditions of 349, 350 |
| Leather |
| restrictions on the exportation of unmanufactured 271 |
| Lectures |
| in universities frequently improper for instruction 320 |
| Levity |
| the vices of, ruinous to the common people, and therefore severely censured by them 332, 333 |
| Liberty |
| three duties only necessary for a sovereign to attend to for supporting a system of 286 |
| Lima |
| computed number of inhabitants in that city 233 |
| Linen manufacture |
| narrow policy of the master manufacturers in 266 |
| Literature |
| the rewards of, reduced by competition 56 |
| was more profitable in ancient Greece 56 |
| the cheapness of literary education an advantage to the public 57 |
| Loans of money |
| the nature of, analysed 144 |
| the extensive operation of 144 |
| Locke |
| remarks on his opinion of the difference between the market and mint prices of silver bullion 18 |
| his account of the cause of lowering the rates of interest for money, examined 145 |
| his distinction between money and moveable goods 173 |
| Lodgings |
| cheaper in London than in any other capital city in Europe 49 |
| Logic |
| the origin and employment of 322 |
| Lotteries |
| the true nature of, and the causes of their success, explained 45 |
| Luck |
| instances of the universal reliance mankind have on it 45 |
| Lutherans |
| origin and principles of that sect 339 |
| Luxuries |
| distinguished from necessaries 368 |
| operation of taxes on 368 |
| the good and bad properties of taxes on 380 |
| Macedon |
| Philip of, the superiority that discipline gave his army over that of his enemies 294 |
| Machines |
| for facilitating mechanical operations, how invented and improved 4, 5 |
| are advantageous to every society 116 |
| Madder |
| the cultivation of, long confined to Holland by English tithes 353 |
| Madeira wines |
| how introduced into North America and Britain 204 |
| Malt |
| reasons for transferring the duties on brewing to 378 |
| distillery, how to prevent smuggling 377 |
| Manufacturers |
| those thrown out of one business can transfer their industry to colateral employments 190 |
| a spirit of combination among them to support monopolies 191 |
| manufacturers prohibited by old statutes from keeping a shop, or selling their own goods by retail 215, 216 |
| the use of wholesale dealers to manufacturers 217 |
| an unproductive class of the people, according to the French agricultural system of political economy 276 |
| how manufacturers augment the revenue of a country 281 |
| Manufactures |
| the great advantages resulting from a division of labour in 3 |
| instances in illustration 5 |
| why profits increase in the higher stages of 21 |
| of what parts the gain consists 22 |
| the private advantages of secrets in 25 |
| peculiar advantages of soil and situation 25 |
| monopolies 25 |
| corporation privileges 26 |
| the deductions made from labour employed on manufactures 27 |
| inquiry how far they are affected by seasons of plenty and scarcity 35 |
| are not no materially affected by circumstances in the country where they are carried on, as in the places where they are consumed 35 |
| new manufactures generally give higher wages than old ones 48 |
| are more profitably carried on in towns than in the open country 53 |
| by what means the prices of, are reduced while the society continues improving 103 |
| instances in hardware 103 |
| instances in the woollen manufacture 104 |
| what fixed capitals are required to carry on particular manufactures 112 |
| manufactures for distant sale, why not established in North America 156 |
| why preferred to foreign trade for the employment of a capital 156 |
| motives to the establishment of manufactures for distant sale 165 |
| how shifted from one country to another 165, 166 |
| natural circumstances which contribute to the establishment of them 166 |
| their effect on the government and manners of a country 167 |
| the independence of artisans explained 169 |
| may flourish amidst the ruin of a country, and begin to decay on the return of its prosperity 180 |
| inquiry how far manufactures might be affected by a freedom of trade 190 |
| british restraints on manufactures in North America 238, 239 |
| the exportation of instruments in, prohibited 273 |
| by the principal support of foreign trade 283 |
| require a more extensive market than rude produce of the land 283 |
| were exercised by slaves in ancient Greece 284 |
| high prices of, in Greece and at Rome 285 |
| false policy to check manufactures in order to promote agriculture 285 |
| in Great Britain, why principally fixed in the coal countries 370 |
| Manure |
| the supply of, in most places depends on the stock of cattle raised 93 |
| Maritime countries |
| why the first that are civilized and improved 9 |
| Martial spirit |
| how supported in the ancient republics of Greece and Rome 329 |
| the want of it now supplied by standing armies 329 |
| the establishment of a militia little able to support it 329 |
| Mediterranean sea |
| peculiarly favourable for the first attempts in navigation 9 |
| Meggens |
| his account of the annual importation of gold and silver into Spain and Portugal 88 |
| his relative proportion of each 89 |
| Mercantile system |
| explained 372 |
| Mercenary troops |
| origin and reason of 291 |
| the numbers of, how limited 291 |
| Merchants |
| their judgments more to be depended on respecting the interest of their particular branches of trade, than with regard to the public interest 106, 107 |
| their capitals altogether circulating 112 |
| their dealings extended by the aid of bankers notes 121, 124 |
| customs of, first established to supply the want of laws, and afterwards admitted as laws 126 |
| the manner of negociating bills of exchange, explained 126 |
| the pernicious tendency of drawing and redrawing 126, 127 |
| in what method their capitals are employed 147 |
| their capitals, dispersed and unfixed 149 |
| the principles of foreign trade examined 153 |
| are the best of improvers when they turn country gentlemen 167 |
| their preference among the different species of trade, how determined 183 |
| are actuated by a narrow spirit of monopoly 201 |
| the several branches of the corn trade specified and considered 215 |
| the government of a company of, the worst a country can be under 234 |
| of London, not good economists 253 |
| an unproductive class of men, according to the present agricultural system of political economy in France 277 |
| the quick return of mercantile capitals enables merchants to advance money to government 386, 387 |
| their capitals increased by lending money to the state 387 |
| Mercier |
| character of his natural and essential order of political societies 282 |
| Metals |
| why the best medium of commerce 10 |
| origin of stamped coins 11 |
| why different metals became the standard of value among different nations 16 |
| the durability of, the cause of the steadiness of their price 88 |
| on what the quantity of precious metals in every particular country depends 100 |
| restraints upon the exportation of 272 |
| Metaphysics |
| the science of, explained 323 |
| Metayers |
| description of the class of farmers so called in France 159 |
| Methodists |
| the teachers among, why popular preachers 330 |
| Methuen |
| translation of the commercial treaty concluded by him between England and Portugal 223 |
| Mexico |
| was a less civilized country than Peru, when first visited by the Spaniards 85 |
| present populousness of the capital city 233 |
| low state of arts at the first discovery of that empire 233 |
| Militia |
| why allowed to be formed in cities, and its formidable nature 164 |
| the origin and nature of, explained 292 |
| how distinguished from a regular standing army 292 |
| must always be inferior to a standing army 293 |
| a few campaigns of service may make a militia equal to a standing army 293 |
| instances 294 |
| Milk |
| a most perishable commodity, how manufactured for store 96 |
| Mills |
| wind and water, their late introduction into England 105 |
| Mines |
| distinguished by their fertility or barrenness 70 |
| comparison between those of coal and those of metals 71 |
| the competition between, extends to all parts of the world 71 |
| the working of, a lottery 72 |
| diamond mines not always worth working 73 |
| tax paid to the king of Spain from the Peruvian mines 85 |
| the discovery of mines not dependent on human skill or industry 100 |
| in Hungary, why worked at less expense than the neighbouring ones in Turkey 284 |
| Mining |
| projects of, uncertain and ruinous, and unfit for legal encouragement 230 |
| Mirabeau |
| Marquis de, his character of the economical table 282 |
| Mississippi |
| scheme in France, the real foundation of 130 |
| Modus |
| for tithe, a relief to the farmer 353 |
| Money |
| the origin of, traced 10 |
| is the representative of labour 13 |
| the value of, greatly depreciated by the discovery of the American mines 14 |
| how different metals became the standard money of different nations 16 |
| the only part of the circulating capital of a society, of which the maintenance can diminish their neat revenue 116 |
| makes no part of the revenue of a society 117 |
| the term money, in common acceptation, of ambiguous meaning 117 |
| the circulating money, in society, no measure of its revenue 118 |
| paper money 118 |
| effect of paper on the circulation of cash 118, 119 |
| inquiry into the proportion the circulating money of any country bears to the annual produce circulated by it 120 |
| paper can never exceed the value of the cash, of which it supplies the place, in any country 122 |
| the pernicious practice of raising money by circulation, explained 126 |
| the true cause of its exportation 139 |
| loans of, the principles of, analysed 144 |
| monied interest distinguished from the landed and trading interest 144 |
| inquiry into the real causes of the reduction of interest 145 |
| money and wealth synonymous terms in popular language 173 |
| and moveable goods compared 173 |
| the mercantile arguments for liberty to export gold and silver 173 |
| the validity of these arguments examined 175 |
| money and goods mutually the price of each other 175 |
| over-trading causes complaints of the scarcity of money 176 |
| why more easy to buy goods with money, than to buy money with goods 177 |
| inquiry into the circulating quantity of, in Great Britain 178 |
| effect of the discovery of the American mines on the value of 181 |
| money and wealth different things 182 |
| bank money explained 195 |
| Monopolies |
| in trade or manufactures, the tendency of 25 |
| are enemies to good management 62 |
| tendency of making a monopoly, of colony trade 251 |
| countries which have colonies obliged to share their advantages with many other countries 260 |
| the chief engine in the mercantile system 261 |
| how monopolies derange the natural distribution of the stock of the society 261 |
| are supported by unjust and cruel laws 268 |
| of a temporary nature, how far justifiable 316 |
| perpetual monopolies injurious to the people at large 316 |
| Montauban |
| the inequalities in the predial taille in that generality, how rectified 352 |
| Montesquieu |
| reasons given by him for the high rates of interest among all Mahometan nations 40 |
| examination of his idea of the cause of lowering the rate of interest of money 145 |
| Morality |
| two different systems of, in every civilized society 332 |
| the principal points of distinction between them 333 |
| the ties of obligation in each system 333 |
| why the morals of the common people are more regular in sectaries than under the established church 333 |
| the excesses of, how to be corrected 333 |
| Morellet |
| his account of joint-stock companies, defective 317 |
| Mun |
| his illustration of the operation of money exported for commercial purposes 174 |
| Music |
| why a part of the ancient Grecian education 324 |
| and dancing, great amusement among barbarous nations 324 |
| Nations |
| sometimes driven to inhuman customs, by poverty 1 |
| the number of useful and productive labourers in, always proportioned to the capital stock on which they are employed 1, 2 |
| the several sorts of industry seldom dealt impartially by 2 |
| maritime nations, why the first improved 8 |
| how ruined by a neglect of public economy 140 |
| evidences of the increase of a national capital 141 |
| how the expenses of individuals may increase the national capital 142 |
| Navigation |
| inland, a great means of improving a country in arts and industry 9 |
| the advantages of 62 |
| may be successfully managed by joint-stock companies 317 |
| Navigation act of England |
| the principal dispositions of 187 |
| motives that dictated, this law 188 |
| its political and commercial tendency 188 |
| its consequences, so far as it affected the colony trade with England 245 |
| diminished the foreign trade with Europe 246 |
| has kept up high profits in the British trade 246 |
| subjects Britain to a disadvantage in every branch of trade of which she has not the monopoly 246, 247 |
| Necessaries |
| distinguished from luxuries 368 |
| operation of taxes on 368 |
| principal necessaries taxed 369 |
| Negro slaves |
| why not much employed in raising corn in the English colonies 159 |
| why more numerous on sugar than on tobacco plantations 159 |
| Nile |
| river, the cause of the early improvement of agriculture and manufactures in Egypt 9 |
| Oats |
| bread made of, not so suitable to the human constitution as that made of wheat 68 |
| Ontology |
| the science of, explained 323 |
| Oxford |
| the professorships there, sinecures 319 |
| Paper money |
| the credit of, how established 118 |
| its operation explained 118 |
| its effect on the circulation of cash 118, 119 |
| promotes industry 119 |
| operation of the several banking companies established in Scotland 120 |
| can never exceed the value of the gold and silver, of which it supplies the place in any country 122 |
| consequences of too much paper being issued 122 |
| the practice of drawing and redrawing explained, with its pernicious effects 126 |
| the advantages and disadvantages of paper credit, stated 131 |
| ill effects of notes issued for small sums 132 |
| suppressing small notes renders money more plentiful 132 |
| the currency of, does not affect the prices of goods 133 |
| account of the paper currency in North America 134 |
| expedient of the government of Pennsylvania to raise money 345 |
| why convenient for the domestic purposes of the North Americans 400 |
| Paris |
| enjoys a little more trade than is necessary for the consumption of its inhabitants 138 |
| Parish ministers |
| evils attending vesting the election of, in the people 339 |
| Parsimony |
| is the immediate cause of the increase of capitals 138 |
| promotes industry 138 |
| frugal men public benefactors 140 |
| is the only means by which artificers and manufacturers can add to the revenue and wealth of society, according to the French agricultural system of political economy 277 |
| Pasture land |
| under what circumstances more profitable than arable land 62, 63 |
| why it ought to be inclosed 63 |
| Patronage |
| the right of, why established in Scotland 340 |
| Pay |
| military, origin and reason of 291 |
| Pennsylvania |
| account of the paper currency there 134 |
| good consequences of the government there having no religious establishment 332 |
| derive a revenue from their paper currency 401 |
| People |
| how divided into productive and unproductive classes according to the present French system of agricultural political economy 275 |
| the unproductive class greatly useful to the others 277 |
| the great body of, how rendered unwarlike 292 |
| the different opportunities of education in the different ranks of 328 |
| the inferior ranks of, the greatest consumers 375 |
| the luxurious expenses of these ranks ought only to be taxed 376 |
| Persecution |
| for religious opinions, the true cause of 330 |
| Peru |
| the discovery of the silver mines in, occasioned those in Europe to be in a great measure abandoned 71 |
| these mines yield but small profit to the proprietors 71 |
| tax paid to the king of Spain from these mines 85 |
| the early accounts of the splendour and state of arts, in this country greatly exaggerated 85, 86 |
| present state of, under the Spanish government 86 |
| the working of the mines there becomes gradually more expensive 90 |
| low state of arts there when first discovered 233 |
| is probably more populous now than at any former period 233 |
| Philosophy |
| natural, the origin and objects of 322 |
| moral, the nature of, explained 322 |
| logic, the origin and employment of 322 |
| Physicians |
| why amply rewarded for their labour 43, 44 |
| Physics |
| the ancient system of, explained 322 |
| Pin-making |
| the extraordinary advantage of a division of labour in this art 3 |
| Plate |
| of private families, the melting it down to supply state exigencies, an insignificant resource 178 |
| new plate is chiefly made from old 225 |
| Ploughmen |
| their knowledge more extensive than the generality of mechanics 53 |
| Pneumatics |
| the science of, explained 323 |
| Poivre |
| his account of the agriculture of Chochin-China 66 |
| Poland |
| a country still kept in poverty by the feudal system of its government 101 |
| Political economy |
| the two distinct objects and two different systems of 173 |
| the present agricultural system of, adopted by French philosophers, described 275 |
| classes of the people who contribute to the annual produce of the land 275 |
| how proprietors contribute 275 |
| how cultivators contribute 275 |
| artificers and manufacturers unproductive 276 |
| the unproductive classes maintained by the others 277 |
| bad tendency of restrictions and prohibitions in trade 279 |
| The bad effects of an injudicious political economy, how corrected 280 |
| the capital error in this system pointed out 280 |
| Poll-taxes |
| origin of, under the feudal government 162, 163 |
| why esteemed badges of slavery 362 |
| the nature of, considered 367 |
| Poor |
| history of the laws made for the provision of, in England 57 |
| Pope of Rome |
| the great power formerly assumed by 335 |
| his power how reduced 337 |
| rapid progress of the Reformation 338 |
| Population |
| riches and extreme poverty equally unfavourable to 33 |
| is limited by the means of subsistence 33, 69 |
| Porter |
| the proportion of malt used in the brewing of 376 |
| Portugal |
| the cultivation of the country not advanced by its commerce 171, 172 |
| the value of gold and silver there depreciated by prohibiting their exportation 208 |
| translation of the commercial treaty concluded in 1703 with England 223 |
| a large share of the Portugal gold sent annually to England 223 |
| motives that led to the discovery of a passage to the East round the Cape of Good Hope 229 |
| lost its manufactures by acquiring rich and fertile colonies 251 |
| Post-office |
| a mercantile project, well calculated for being managed by a government 344 |
| Potatoes |
| remarks on, as an article of food 67 |
| culture and great produce of 67 |
| the difficulty of preserving them the great obstacle to cultivating them for general diet 68 |
| Poultry |
| the cause of their cheapness 95 |
| is a more important article of rural economy in France than in England 95 |
| Poverty |
| sometimes urges nations to inhuman customs 1 |
| is no check to the production of children 33 |
| but very unfavourable to raising them 33 |
| Pragmatic sanction in France |
| the object of 337 |
| is followed by the concordat 337 |
| Preferments |
| ecclesiastical, the means by which a national clergy ought to be managed by the civil magistrate 335 |
| alterations in the mode of electing to them 335, 337 |
| Presbyterian church government |
| the nature of, described 340 |
| character of the clergy of 340, 341 |
| Prices |
| real and nominal, of commodities, distinguished 14 |
| money price of goods explained 19 |
| rent for land enters into the price of the greater part of all commodities 21 |
| the component parts of the price of goods explained 21 |
| natural and market prices distinguished, and how governed 23, 36 |
| though raised at first by an increase of demand, always reduced by it in the result 314 |
| Primogeniture |
| origin and motive of the law of succession by, under the feudal government 157 |
| in contrary to the real interest of families 158 |
| Princes |
| why not well calculated to manage mercantile projects for the sake of a revenue 344 |
| Prodigality |
| the natural tendency of, both to the individual and to the public 138 |
| prodigal men enemies to their country 140 |
| Produce |
| of land and labour the source of all revenue 136 |
| the value of, how to be increased 141 |
| Professors in Universities |
| circumstances which determine their merit 340, 341 |
| Profit |
| the various articles of gain that pass under the common idea of 22 |
| an average rate of, in all countries 23 |
| averages of, extremely difficult to ascertain 37 |
| interest of money the best standard of 37 |
| the diminution of, a natural consequence of prosperity 38 |
| clear and gross profit distinguished 40 |
| the nature of the highest ordinary rate of, defined 40 |
| double interest deemed in Great Britain a reasonable mercantile profit 40 |
| in thriving countries low profit may compensate the high wages of labour 41 |
| the operation of high profits and high wages compared 41 |
| compensates inconvenience and disgrace 42 |
| of stock, how affected 46 |
| large profits must be made from small capitals 47 |
| why goods are cheaper in the metropolis than in country villages 47 |
| great fortunes more frequently made by trade in large towns than in small ones 47 |
| is naturally low in rich, and high in poor countries 106 |
| how that of the different classes of traders is raised 148 |
| private, the sole motive of employing capitals in any branch of business 154 |
| when raised by monopolies, encourage luxury 253 |
| Projects |
| unsuccessful in arts, injurious to a country 140 |
| Property |
| passions which prompt mankind to the invasion of 297 |
| civil government necessary for the production of 297 |
| wealth a source of authority 298 |
| Provisers |
| object of the statute of, in England 337 |
| Provisions |
| how far the variations in the price of, affect labour and industry 30, 34, 36 |
| whether cheaper in the metropolis or in country villages 47 |
| the prices of, better regulated by competition than by law 60 |
| a rise in the prices of, must be uniform, to shew that it proceeds from a depreciation of the value of silver 102 |
| Prussia |
| mode of assessing the land-tax there 351 |
| Public works and institutions |
| how to be maintained 302 |
| equity of tolls for passage over roads, bridges and canals 303 |
| why government ought not to have the management of turnpikes 304 |
| nor of other public works 306 |
| Purveyance |
| a service still exacted in most parts of Europe 161 |
| Quakers of Pennsylvania |
| inference from their resolution to emancipate all their negro slaves 159 |
| Quesnai |
| view of his agricultural system of political economy 279 |
| his doctrine generally subscribed to 282 |
| Quito |
| populousness of that city 233 |
| Reformation |
| rapid progress of the doctrines of, in Germany 338 |
| in Sweden and Switzerland 338 |
| in England and Scotland 338, 339 |
| origin of the Lutheran and the Calvinistic sects 339 |
| Religion |
| the object of instruction in 330 |
| advantage the teachers of a new religion enjoy over those of one that is established 330 |
| origin of persecutions for heretical opinions 330 |
| how the zeal of the inferior clergy of the church of Rome is kept alive 330 |
| utility of ecclesiastical establishments 331 |
| how united with the civil power 331, 332 |
| Rent |
| reserved, ought not to consist of money 14 |
| but of corn 14 |
| of land, constitutes a third part of the price of most kinds of goods 21 |
| an average rate of, in all countries, and how regulated 23 |
| makes the first deduction from the produce of labour employed upon land 27 |
| the terms of, how adjusted between landlord and tenant 60, 61 |
| is sometimes demanded for what is altogether incapable of human improvement 61 |
| is paid for, and produced, by land in almost all situations 61 |
| the general proportion paid for coal mines 71 |
| and metal mines 71 |
| mines of precious stones frequently yield no rent 73 |
| how paid in ancient times 76 |
| is raised, either directly or indirectly, by every improvement in the circumstances of society 105 |
| gross and neat rent distinguished 115 |
| how raised and paid under feudal governments 137 |
| present average proportion of, compared with the produce of the land 137 |
| of houses distinguished into two parts 354 |
| difference between rent of house and rent of land 355 |
| rent of a house the best estimate of a tenants circumstances 355 |
| Retainers |
| under the feudal system of government described 167 |
| Revenue |
| the original source of, pointed out 22 |
| of a country, of what it consists 115 |
| the neat revenue of a society diminished by supporting a circulating stock of money 116 |
| money no part of revenue 117 |
| is not to be computed in money, but in what money will purchase 117 |
| how produced, and how appropriated, in the first instance 136 |
| produce of land 136 |
| produce of manufactures 136 |
| Must always replace capital 136 |
| the proportion between revenue and capital regulates the proportion between idleness and industry 138 |
| both the savings and the spendings of, annually, consumed 138 |
| of every society, equal to the exchangeable value of the whole produce of its industry 184 |
| why government ought not to take the management of turnpikes, to derive a revenue from them 304 |
| public works of a local nature always better maintained by provincial revenues than by the general revenue of the state 306 |
| the abuses in provincial revenues trifling, when compared with those in the revenue of a great empire 306 |
| the greater the revenue of the church, the smaller must be that of the state 341 |
| the revenue of the state ought to be raised proportionably from the whole society 342 |
| local expenses ought to be defrayed by a local revenue 343 |
| inquiry into the sources of public revenue 343 |
| of the republic of Hamburgh 343, 344 |
| whether the government of Britain could undertake the management of the bank, to derive a revenue from it 344 |
| the post office, a mercantile project, well calculated for being managed by government 344 |
| princes not well qualified to improve their fortunes by trade 344 |
| the English East India Company good traders before they became sovereigns, but each character now spoils the other 344 |
| expedient of the government of Pennsylvania to raise money 345 |
| rent of land the most permanent fund 345 |
| feudal revenues 345 |
| of Great Britain 345 |
| revenue from land proportioned not to the rent but to the produce 346 |
| reasons for selling the crown lands 346, 347 |
| an improved land-tax suggested 349 |
| the nature and effect of tithes explained 352 |
| why a revenue cannot be raised in kind 353 |
| when raised in money, how affected by different modes of valuation 353 |
| a proportionable tax on houses the best source of revenue 355 |
| remedies for the diminution of, according to their causes 374 |
| bad effects of farming out public revenues 381 |
| the different sources of revenue in France 384 |
| how expended in the rude state of society 385 |
| Rice |
| a very productive article of cultivation 67 |
| requires a soil unfit for raising any other kind of food 67 |
| rice countries more populous than corn countries 86 |
| Riches |
| the chief enjoyment of, consists in the parade of 72, 73 |
| Risk |
| instances of the inattention mankind pay to it 45 |
| Roads |
| good, the public advantages of 62 |
| how to be made and maintained 303 |
| the maintenance of, why improper to be trusted to private interest 304 |
| general state of, in France 305 |
| in China 305 |
| Romans |
| why copper became the standard of value among them 16 |
| the extravagant prices paid by them for certain luxuries for the table accounted for 92 |
| the value of silver higher among them than at the present time 92 |
| the republic of, founded on a division of land among the citizens 228 |
| the Agrarian law only executed upon one or two occasions 228 |
| how the citizens who had no land subsisted 228 |
| distinction between the Roman and Greek colonies 228 |
| the improvement of the former slower than that of the latter 232 |
| origin of the social war 257 |
| the republic ruined by extending the privilege of Roman citizens to the greater part of the inhabitants of Italy 258 |
| when contributions were first raised to maintain those who went to the wars 290 |
| soldiers not a distinct profession there 291 |
| improvement of the Roman armies by discipline 294 |
| how that discipline was lost 295 |
| the fall of the western empire, how effected 295 |
| remarks on the education of the ancient Romans 324 |
| their morals superior to those of the Greeks 324 |
| state of law, and forms of justice 325 |
| the martial spirit of the people, how supported 329 |
| great reductions of the coin practised by, at particular exigencies 396 |
| Rome |
| modern, how the zeal of the inferior clergy of, is kept alive 330 |
| the clergy of, one great spiritual army dispersed in different quarters over Europe 335 |
| their power during the feudal monkish ages similar to that of the temporal barons 336 |
| their power, how reduced 337 |
| Rouen |
| why a town of great trade 138 |
| Ruddiman |
| remarks on his account of the ancient price of wheat in Scotland 77 |
| Russia |
| was civilized under Peter the Great by a standing army 296 |
| Sailors |
| why no sensible inconvenience felt by the great numbers disbanded at the close of a war 190 |
| Salt |
| account of foreign salt imported into Scotland, and of Scotch salt delivered duty free for the fishery 288 |
| is an object of heavy taxation everywhere 369 |
| the collection of the duty on, expensive 380 |
| Sardinia |
| the land-tax how assessed there 352 |
| Saxon lords |
| their authority and jurisdiction as great before the Conquest as those of the Normans were afterwards 168 |
| Schools |
| parochial, observations on 328 |
| Science |
| is the great antidote to the poison of enthusiasm and superstition 333 |
| Scipio |
| his Spanish militia rendered superior to the Carthaginian militia by discipline and service 294 |
| Scotland |
| compared with England as to the prices of labour and provisions 31 |
| remarks on the population of the Highlands 33 |
| the market rate of interest higher than the legal rate 37 |
| the situation of cottagers there described 49 |
| apprenticeships and corporations 51 |
| the common people of, why neither so strong nor so handsome as the same class in England 68 |
| cause of the frequent emigrations from 80 |
| progress of agriculture there before the union with England 93 |
| present obstructions to better husbandry 93, 94 |
| the price of wool reduced by the Union 99 |
| amount of the circulating money there before the Union 99 |
| amount of the present circulating cash 121 |
| difficulties occasioned by these banks issuing too much paper 123 |
| necessary caution for some time observed by the banks in giving credit to their customers, with the good effects of it 124 |
| the scheme of drawing and redrawing adopted by traders 126 |
| its pernicious tendency explained 126, 127 |
| history of the Ayr bank 128 |
| Law's scheme to improve the country 130 |
| the prices of goods in, not altered by paper currency 133 |
| effect of the optional clauses in their notes 133 |
| cause of the speedy establishment of the Reformation there 339 |
| the disorders attending popular elections of the clergy there, occasioned the right of patronage to be established 339 |
| amount of the whole revenue of the clergy 342 |
| Sea service |
| and military service by land, compared 45 |
| Sects in religion |
| the more numerous, the better for society 332 |
| why they generally profess the austere system of morality 333 |
| Self-love |
| the governing principle in the intercourse of human society 6 |
| Servants |
| menial, distinguished from hired workmen 135 |
| the various orders of men who rank in the former class in reference to their labour 136 |
| their labour unproductive 280 |
| Settlements |
| of the poor, brief review of the English laws relating to 57 |
| the removals of the poor a violation of natural liberty 59 |
| the law of, ought to be repealed 191 |
| Sheep |
| frequently killed in Spain for the sake of the fleece and the tallow 97 |
| severe laws against the exportation of them and their wool 268 |
| Shepherds |
| war, how supported by a nation of 289 |
| inequality of fortune among, the source of great authority 298 |
| birth and family highly honoured in nations of shepherds 298 |
| inequality of fortune first began to take place in the age of shepherds 299 |
| and introduced civil government 299 |
| Shetland |
| how rents are estimated and paid there 61 |
| Silk manufacture |
| how transferred from Lucca to Venice 166 |
| Silver |
| the first standard coinage of the northern subverters of the Roman empires 16 |
| its proportional value to gold regulated by law 17 |
| is the measure of the value of gold 17 |
| mint price of silver in England 17 |
| inquiry into the difference between the mint and market price of bullion 17, 18 |
| how to preserve the silver coin from being melted down for profit 18 |
| the mines of, in Europe, why generally abandoned 71 |
| evidences of the small profit they yield to the proprietors in Peru 71 |
| qualities for which this metal is valued 72 |
| the most abundant mines of, would add little to the wealth of the world 73 |
| but the increase in the quantity of, would depreciate its own value 74 |
| circumstances that might counteract this effect 74 |
| historical view of the variations in the value of, during the four last centuries 74, 75 |
| remarks on its rise in value compared with corn 76 |
| circumstances that might have misled writers in reviewing the value of silver 76 |
| corn the best standard for judging of the real value of silver 79 |
| the price of, how affected by the increase of quantity 79 |
| the value of, sunk by the discovery of the American mines 81 |
| when the reduction of its value from this cause appears to have been completed 81 |
| tax paid from the Peruvian mines to the king of Spain 85 |
| the value of silver kept up by an extension of the market 85 |
| is the most profitable commodity that can be sent to China 86 |
| the value of, how proportioned to that of gold before and after the discovery of the American mines 89 |
| the quantity commonly in the market in proportion to that of gold probably greater than their relative values indicate 89 |
| the value of, probably rising, and why 90, 91 |
| the opinion of a depreciation of its value not well founded 100 |
| the real value of, degraded by the bounty on the exportation of corn 207 |
| Sinking fund |
| in the British finances explained 389 |
| is inadequate to the discharge of former debts, and almost wholly applied to other purposes 391 |
| motives to the misapplication of it 391, 392 |
| Slaves |
| the labour of, dearer to the masters than that of freemen 53 |
| under feudal lords, circumstances of their situation 159 |
| countries where this order of men still remains 159 |
| why the service of slave is preferred to that of freemen 159 |
| their labour why unprofitable 159 |
| causes of the abolishing of slavery throughout the greater part of Europe 160 |
| receive more protection from the magistrate in an arbitrary government than in one that is free 241 |
| why employed in manufactures by the ancient Grecians 284 |
| why no improvements are to be expected from them 284 |
| Smuggling |
| a tempting, but generally a ruinous employment 46 |
| encouraged by high duties 373 |
| remedies against 374 |
| the crime of, morally considered 381 |
| Society |
| human, the first principles of 6 |
| Soldiers |
| remarks on their motives for engaging in the military line 45 |
| comparison between the land and sea service 45 |
| why no sensible inconvenience felt by the disbanding of great numbers after a war is over 190 |
| reason of their first serving for pay 291 |
| how they became a distinct class of the people 292 |
| how distinguished from the militia 292 |
| alteration in their exercise produced by the invention of fire-arms 292 |
| South Sea company |
| amazing capital once enjoyed by 311 |
| mercantile and stock-jobbing projects of 312 |
| assiento contract 312 |
| whale fishery 312 |
| the capital of, turned into annuity stock 312, 388 |
| Sovereign |
| three duties only necessary for him to attend to for supporting a system of natural liberty 286 |
| how he is to protect the society from external violence 289, 296 |
| and the members of it from the injustice and oppression of each other 297 |
| and to maintain public works and institutions 302 |
| Sovereign and trader |
| inconsistent characters 344 |
| Spain |
| One of the poorest countries in Europe, notwithstanding its rich mines 101 |
| its commerce has produced no considerable manufactures for distant sale, and the greater part of the country remains uncultivated 171, 172 |
| spanish mode of estimating their American discoveries 173 |
| the value of gold, and silver there depreciated by laying a tax on the exportation of them 208 |
| agriculture and manufactures there discouraged by the redundancy of gold and silver 208, 209 |
| natural consequences that would result from taking away this tax 209 |
| the real and pretended motives of the court of Castile for taking possession of the countries discovered by Columbus 230 |
| the tax on gold and silver, how reduced 230 |
| gold the object of all the enterprises to the new world 230 |
| the colonies of, less populous than those of any other European nation 232, 233 |
| asserted an exclusive claim to all America, until the miscarriage of their invincible armada 233 |
| policy of the trade with the colonies 236 |
| the American establishments of, effected by private adventurers, who received little beyond permission from the government 242 |
| lost its manufactures by acquiring rich and fertile colonies 251 |
| the alcavala tax there explained 381 |
| the ruin of the Spanish manufactures attributed to it 381 |
| Speculation |
| a distinct employment in improved society 5 |
| speculative merchants described 47 |
| Stage |
| public performers on, paid for the contempt attending their profession 44 |
| the political use of dramatic representations 334 |
| Stamp duties |
| in England and Holland, remarks on 363, 364, 365 |
| Steel-bow |
| tenants in Scotland, what 160 |
| Stock |
| the profits raised on, in manufactures, explained 20 |
| in trade, an increase of, raises wages, and diminishes profit 36 |
| must be larger in a great town than in a country village 37 |
| natural consequences of a deficiency of stock in new colonies 38 |
| the profits on, little affected by the easiness or difficulty of learning a trade 43 |
| but by the risk or disagreeableness of the business 46 |
| stock employed for profit sets into motion the greater part of useful labour 106 |
| no accumulation of, necessary in the rude state of society 111 |
| the accumulation of, necessary to the division of labour 111 |
| stock distinguished into two parts 112 |
| the general stock of a country or society explained 113 |
| houses 113 |
| improved land 113 |
| personal abilities 113 |
| money and provisions 114 |
| raw materials and manufactured goods 114 |
| stock of individuals, how employed 115 |
| is frequently buried or concealed in arbitrary countries 115 |
| the profits on, decrease in proportion as the quantity increases 137 |
| on what principles stock is lent and borrowed at interest 144 |
| that of every society divided among different employments, in the proportion most agreeable to the public interest, by the private views of individuals 260 |
| the natural distribution of, deranged by monopolizing systems 261 |
| every derangement of, injurious to the society 262 |
| mercantile, is barren and unproductive, according to the French agricultural system of political economy 277 |
| how far the revenue from, is an object of taxation 357 |
| a tax on, intended under the land-tax 358 |
| Stockings |
| why cheaply manufactured in Scotland 49 |
| when first introduced into England 104 |
| Stone quarries |
| their value depends on situation 69, 74 |
| Stones |
| precious, of no use but for ornament, and how the price of, is regulated 73 |
| the most abundant mines, would add little to the wealth of the world 73 |
| Subordination |
| how introduced into society 297 |
| personal qualifications 297 |
| age and fortune 297 |
| birth 298 |
| birth and fortune two great sources of personal distinction 298 |
| Subsidy |
| old, in the English customs, the drawbacks upon 203 |
| origin and import of the term 372 |
| Sugar |
| a very profitable article of cultivation 66, 159 |
| drawbacks on the importation of, from England 204 |
| might be cultivated by the drill-plough, instead of all hand-labour by slaves 241 |
| a proper subject for taxation, as an article sold at monopoly price 378 |
| Sumptuary laws |
| superfluous restraints on the common people 142 |
| Surinam |
| present state of the Dutch colony there 234 |
| Switzerland |
| establishment of the Reformation in Berne and Zurich 338 |
| the clergy there zealous and industrious 342 |
| taxes how paid there 359, 363 |
| Taille |
| in France, the nature of that tax, and its operation, explained 161 |
| Talents |
| natural, not so various in different men as is supposed 7 |
| Tartars |
| their manner of conducting war 289 |
| their invasions dreadful 289 |
| Tavernier |
| his account of the diamond mines of Golconda and Visiapour 73 |
| Taxes |
| the origin of, under the feudal government 162 |
| the sources from whence they must arise 347 |
| unequal taxes 347 |
| ought to be clear and certain 347 |
| ought to be levied at the times most convenient for payment 347 |
| ought to take as little as possible out of the pockets of the people more than is brought into the public treasury 348 |
| the land-tax of Great Britain 348 |
| land-tax of Venice 349 |
| improvements suggested for a land-tax 349 |
| mode of assessing the land-tax in Prussia 351 |
| tithes a very unequal tax, and a discouragement to improvement 352 |
| operation of tax on house rent, payable by the tenant 354 |
| a proportionable tax on houses the best source of revenue 355 |
| how far the revenue from stock is a proper object of taxation 357 |
| whether interest of money is proper for taxation 357 |
| how taxes are paid at Hamburgh 339 |
| in Switzerland 339 |
| taxes upon particular employments 339 |
| poll-taxes 362 |
| taxes badges of liberty 362 |
| taxes upon the transfer of property 362 |
| stamp duties 363 |
| on whom the several kinds of taxes principally fall 364 |
| taxes upon the wages of labour 365 |
| capitation taxes 367 |
| taxes upon consumable commodities 368 |
| upon necessaries 368 |
| upon luxuries 368 |
| principal necessaries taxed 369 |
| absurdities in taxation 370 |
| different parts of Europe very highly taxed 370 |
| two different methods of taxing consumable commodities 370 |
| sir Matthew Decker's scheme of taxation considered 371 |
| excise and customs 371 |
| taxation sometimes not an instrument of revenue, but of monopoly 373 |
| improvements of the customs suggested 374 |
| taxes paid in the price of a commodity little adverted to 379, 380 |
| on luxuries, the good and bad properties of 380 |
| bad effects of farming them out 383 |
| how the finances of France might be reformed 384 |
| french and English taxations compared 384 |
| new taxes always generate discontent 391, 392 |
| how far the British system of taxation might be applicable to all the different provinces of the empire 397 |
| such a plan might speedily discharge the national debt 399 |
| Tea |
| great importation and consumption of that drug in Britain 86 |
| Teachers in Universities |
| tendency of endowments to diminish their application 319 |
| the jurisdictions to which they are subject little calculated to quicken their diligence 319 |
| are frequently obliged to gain protection by servility 319 |
| defects in their establishments 319, 320 |
| teachers among the ancient Greeks and Romans superior to those of modern times 326 |
| circumstances which draw good ones to, or drain them from, the universities 340 |
| their employment naturally renders them eminent in letters 341 |
| Tenures |
| feudal, general observations on 137 |
| described 157 |
| Theology |
| monkish, the complexion of 323 |
| Thoulouse |
| salary paid to counsellor or judge in the parliament of 301 |
| Tin |
| average rent of the mines of in Cornwall 71 |
| yield a greater profit to the proprietors than the silver mines of Peru 71, 72 |
| regulations under which tin mines are worked 72 |
| Tithes |
| why an unequal tax 352 |
| the levying of, a great discouragement to improvements 352 |
| the fixing a modus for, a relief to the farmer 353 |
| Tobacco |
| the culture of, why restrained in Europe 66 |
| not so profitable an article of cultivation in the West Indies as sugar 66 |
| the amount and course of the British trade with, explained 153 |
| the whole duty upon, drawn back on exportation 204 |
| consequences of the exclusive trade Britain enjoys with Maryland and Virginia in this article 244 |
| Tolls |
| for passage over roads, bridges, and navigable canals, the equity of, shewn 303 |
| upon carriages of luxury, ought to be higher than upon carriages of utility 303 |
| the management of turnpikes often an object of just complaint 304 |
| why government ought not to have the management of turnpikes 304, 379 |
| Tonnage and poundage |
| origin of those duties 372 |
| Tontine |
| in the French finances, what, with the derivation of the name 390 |
| Towns |
| the places where industry is most profitably exerted 53 |
| the spirit of combination prevalent among manufacturers 53, 54 |
| according to what circumstances the general character of the inhabitants as to industry is formed 137 |
| the reciprocal nature of the trade between them and the country explained 155 |
| subsist on the surplus produce of the country 155 |
| how first formed 156 |
| are continual fairs 156 |
| the original poverty and servile state of the inhabitants of 162 |
| their early exemptions and privileges, how obtained 162 |
| the inhabitants of, obtained liberty much earlier than the occupiers of land in the country 163 |
| origin of free burghs 163 |
| origin of corporations 163 |
| why allowed to form militia 164 |
| how the increase and riches of commercial towns contributed to the improvement of the countries to which they belonged 167 |
| Trade |
| double interest deemed a reasonable mercantile profit in 40 |
| four general classes of, equally necessary to, and dependent on, each other 147 |
| wholesale, three different sorts of 151 |
| the different returns of home and foreign trade 151 |
| the nature and operation of the carrying trade examined 152 |
| the principles of foreign trade examined 153 |
| the trade between town and country explained 155 |
| original poverty and servile state of the inhabitants of towns under feudal government 162 |
| exemptions and privileges granted to them 162 |
| extension of commerce by rude nations selling their own raw produce for the manufactures of more civilised countries 165 |
| its salutary effects on the government and manners of a country 167 |
| subverted the feudal authority 168 |
| the independence of tradesmen and artizans explained 169 |
| the capitals acquired by, very precarious, until some part has been realised by the cultivation and improvement of land 172 |
| over-trading, the cause of complaints of the scarcity of money 176 |
| the importation of gold and silver not the principal benefit derived from foreign trade 181 |
| and by the discovery of a passage to the East Indies round the Cape of Good Hope 181 |
| error of commercial writers in estimating national wealth by gold and silver 182 |
| inquiry into the cause and effect of restraints upon trade 182 |
| individuals, by pursuing their own interest, unknowingly promote that of the public 184 |
| legal regulations, of trade unsafe 184 |
| retaliatory regulations between nations 189 |
| measures for laying trade open ought to be carried into execution slowly 191 |
| policy of the restraints on trade between France and Britain considered 192 |
| no certain criterion to determine on which side the balance of trade between two countries turns 192 |
| most of the regulations of, founded on a mistaken doctrine of the balance of trade 199 |
| is generally founded on narrow principles of policy 201 |
| drawbacks of duties 203 |
| the dealer who employs his whole stock on one single branch of business has an advantage of the same kind with the workman who employs his whole labour on a single operation 216 |
| consequences of drawing it from a number of small channels into one great channel 249 |
| colony trade, and the monopoly of that trade distinguished 250 |
| the interest of the consumer constantly sacrificed to that of the producer 274 |
| advantages attending a perfect freedom of, to landed nations, according to the present agricultural system of political economy in France 278 |
| origin of foreign trade 279 |
| consequences of high duties and prohibitions in landed nations 279 |
| how trade augments the revenue of a country 281 |
| nature of the trading intercourse between the inhabitants of towns and those of the country 285 |
| Trades |
| cause and effect of the separation of 3 |
| origin of 7 |
| Transit duties |
| explained 379 |
| Travelling |
| for education, summary view of the effects of 324 |
| Treasure-trove |
| the term explained 115 |
| why an important branch of revenue under the ancient feudal governments 385 |
| Treasures |
| why formerly accumulated by princes 180 |
| Turkey company |
| short historical view of 308 |
| Universities |
| the emoluments of the teachers in, how far calculated to promote their diligence 319 |
| the professors at Oxford have mostly given up teaching 319 |
| those in France subject to incompetent jurisdictions 319 |
| the privileges of graduates improperly obtained 320 |
| abuse of lectureships 320 |
| the discipline of, seldom calculated for the benefit of the students 320 |
| are in England more corrupted than the public schools 321 |
| original foundation of 321 |
| how Latin became an essential article in academical education 321 |
| how the study of the Greek language was introduced 321, 322 |
| the three great branches of the Greek philosophy 322 |
| are now divided into five branches 322 |
| the monkish course of education in 323 |
| have not been very ready to adopt improvements 323 |
| are not well calculated to prepare men for the world 324 |
| how filled with good professors or drained of them 340 |
| where the worst and best professors are generally to be met with 340, 341 |
| Value |
| the term defined 12 |
| Vedius Pollio |
| his cruelty to his slaves checked by the Roman emperor Augustus, which could not have been done under the republican form of government 241 |
| Venice |
| origin of the silk manufacture in that city 166 |
| traded in East India goods before the sea track round the Cape of Good Hope was discovered 228, 229 |
| nature of the land-tax in that republic 349 |
| Venison |
| the price of, in Britain, does not compensate the expense of a deer park 94 |
| Vicesima hereditatum |
| among the ancient Romans, the nature of, explained 363 |
| Villages |
| how first formed 156 |
| Villenage |
| probable cause of the wearing out of that tenure in Europe 160, 161 |
| Vineyard |
| the most profitable part of agriculture, both among the ancients and moderns 65 |
| great advantages derived from peculiarities of soil in 65 |
| Wages |
| of labour, how settled between masters and workmen 27 |
| the workmen generally obliged to comply with the terms of their employers 27 |
| the opposition of workmen outrageous, and seldom successful 28 |
| circumstances which operate to raise wages 28 |
| the extent of wages limited by the funds from which they arise 28 |
| why higher in North America than in England 28 |
| are low in countries that are stationary 28 |
| not oppressively low in Great Britain 30 |
| a distinction made here between the wages in summer and in winter 31 |
| if sufficient in dear years, they must be ample in seasons of plenty 31 |
| different rates of, in different places 31 |
| liberal wages encourage industry and propagation 33 |
| an advance of, necessarily raises the price of many commodities 36 |
| an average of, not easily ascertained 37 |
| the operation of high wages and high profits compared 41 |
| causes of the variations of, in different employments 41 |
| are generally higher in new, than in old trades 48, 57 |
| legal regulations of, destroy industry and ingenuity 59, 60 |
| natural effect of a direct tax upon 365 |
| Walpole |
| Sir Robert, his excise scheme defended 375 |
| Wants |
| of mankind, how supplied through the operation of labour 9, 10 |
| how extended, in proportion to their supply 69 |
| the far greater part of them supplied from the produce of other men's labour 111 |
| Wars |
| foreign, the funds for the maintenance of, in the present century, have little dependence on the quantity of gold and silver in a nation 178, 179 |
| how supported by a nation of hunters 289 |
| by a nation of shepherds 289 |
| by a nation of husbandmen 290 |
| men of military age, what proportion they bear to the whole society 290 |
| feudal wars, how supported 290 |
| causes which, in the advanced state of society, rendered it impossible for those who took the field, to maintain themselves 290 |
| how the art of war became a distinct profession 291 |
| distinction between the militia and regular forces 292 |
| alteration in the art of war produced by the invention of fire-arms 292, 296 |
| importance of discipline 293 |
| macedonian army 294 |
| carthaginian army 294 |
| roman army 294 |
| feudal armies 295 |
| a well regulated standing army, the only defence of a civilized country, and the only means for speedily civilizing a barbarous country 296 |
| the want of parsimony during peace, imposes on states the necessity of contracting debts to carry on war 386, 391 |
| why war is agreeable to those who live secure from the immediate calamities of it 391 |
| advantages of raising the supplies for, within the year 394 |
| Watch |
| movements, great reduction in the prices of, owing to mechanical improvements 103 |
| Wealth |
| and money, synonymous terms, in popular language 173, 182 |
| spanish and Tartarian estimate of, compared 173 |
| the great authority conferred by the possession of 298 |
| Weavers |
| the profits of, why necessarily greater than those of spinners 21 |
| West Indies |
| discovered by Columbus 229 |
| how they obtained this name 229 |
| the original native productions of 229 |
| the thirst of gold the object of all the Spanish enterprises there 230 |
| and of those of every other European nation 231 |
| the remoteness of, greatly in favour of the European colonies there 232 |
| the sugar colonies of France better governed than those of Britain 241 |
| Window-tax |
| in Britain, how rated 357 |
| tends to reduce house rent 357 |
| Windsor |
| market, chronological table of the prices of corn at 109 |
| Wine |
| the cheapness of, would be a cause of sobriety 200 |
| the carrying trade in, encouraged by English statutes 204 |
| Wood |
| the price of, rises in proportion as a country is cultivated 70 |
| the growth of young trees prevented by cattle 70 |
| when the planting of trees becomes a profitable employment 70 |
| Wool |
| the produce of rude countries, commonly carried to a distant market 97 |
| the price of, in England, has fallen considerably since the time of Edward III. 97 |
| causes of this diminution in price 98 |
| the price of, considerably reduced in Scotland, by the Union with England 99 |
| severity of the laws against the exportation of 268 |
| restraints upon the inland commerce of 269 |
| restraints upon the coasting trade of 269 |
| pleas on which these restraints are founded 269 |
| the price of wool depressed by these regulations 270 |
| the exportation of, ought to be allowed, subject to a duty 271 |
| Woollen |
| cloth, the present prices of, compared with those at the close of the fifteenth century 104 |
| three mechanical improvements introduced in the manufacture of 104, 105 |