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BOOK I.
OF THE CAUSES OF IMPROVEMENT IN THE PRODUCTIVE POWERS OF LABOUR, AND OF THE ORDER ACCORDING TO WHICH ITS PRODUCE IS NATURALLY DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE DIFFERENT RANKS OF THE PEOPLE.
CHAP. I.
Of the Division of Labour2
CHAP. II.
Of the Principle which gives occasion to the Division of Labour6
CHAP. III.
That the Division of Labour is limited by the Extent of the Market8
CHAP. IV.
Of the Origin and Use of Money9
CHAP. V.
Of the real and nominal Price of Commodities, or of their Price in Labour, and their Price in Money12
CHAP. VI.
Of the Component Parts of the Price of Commodities20
CHAP. VII.
Of the Natural and Market Price of Commodities23
CHAP. VIII.
Of the Wages of Labour27
CHAP. IX.
Of the Profits of Stock36
CHAP. X.
Of Wages and Profit in the different Employments of Labour and Stock41
Part I. Inequalities arising from the Nature of the Employments themselvesib.
Part II. Inequalities occasioned by the Policy of Europe50
CHAP. XI.
Of the Rent of Land60
Part I. Of the Produce of Land which always affords Rent61
Part II. Of the Produce of Land which sometimes does, and sometimes does not, afford Rent68
Part III. Of the Variations in the Proportion between the respective Values of that sort of Produce which always affords Rent, and of that which sometimes does, and sometimes does not, afford Rent74
Digression concerning the Variations in the Value of Silver during the course of the four last centuriesib.
First Periodib.
Second Period81
Third Periodib.
Variations in the Proportion between the respective Values of Gold and Silver89
Grounds of the Suspicion that the Value of Silver still continues to decrease91
Different Effects of the Progress of Improvement upon the real Price of three different sorts of rude Produceib.
First Sort92
Second Sortib.
Third Sort97
Conclusion of the Digression concerning the Variations in the Value of Silver101
Effects of the Progress of Improvement upon the real Price of Manufactures103
Conclusion of the Chapter105
BOOK II.
OF THE NATURE, ACCUMULATION, AND EMPLOYMENT OF STOCK.
Introduction111
CHAP. I.
Of the Division of Stock112
CHAP. II.
Of Money considered as a particular Branch of the general Stock of the Society, or of the Expense of maintaining the National Capital115
CHAP. III.
Of the Accumulation of Capital, or of productive and unproductive Labour135
CHAP. IV.
Of Stock lent at Interest144
CHAP. V.
Of the different Employment of Capitals147
BOOK III.
OF THE DIFFERENT PROGRESS OF OPULENCE IN DIFFERENT NATIONS.
CHAP. I.
Of the Natural Progress of Opulence155
CHAP. II.
Of the Discouragement of Agriculture in the ancient States of Europe, after the fall of the Roman Empire157
CHAP. III.
Of the Rise and Progress of Cities and Towns, after the fall of the Roman Empire162
CHAP. IV.
How the Commerce of the Towns contributed to the Improvement of the Country167
BOOK IV.
OF THE SYSTEMS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY.
Introduction173
CHAP. I.
Of the Principle of the Commercial or Mercantile systemib.
CHAP. II.
Of Restraints upon the Importation from Foreign Countries, of such Goods as can be produced at Home183
CHAP. III.
Of the extraordinary Restraints upon the Importation of Goods of almost all kinds, from those Countries with which the Balance is supposed to be disadvantageous192
Part I. Of the Unreasonableness of those Restraints, even upon the Principles of the Commercial Systemib.
Digression concerning Banks of Deposit, particularly concerning that of Amsterdam194
Part II. Of the Unreasonableness of these extraordinary Restraints, upon other Principles199
CHAP. IV.
Of Drawbacks203
CHAP. V.
Of Bounties205
Digression concerning the Corn Trade and Corn Laws213
CHAP. VI.
Of Treaties of Commerce222
CHAP. VII.
Of Colonies227
Part I. Of the Motives for establishing new Coloniesib.
Part II. Causes of the Prosperity of new Colonies231
Part III. Of the Advantages which Europe has derived from the Discovery of America, and from that of a Passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope243
CHAP. VIII.
Conclusion of the Mercantile System266
CHAP. IX.
Of the Agricultural Systems, or of those Systems of Political Economy which represent the Produce of Land as either the sole or the principal Source of the Revenue and Wealth of every Country275
APPENDIX.
Account of Herring Busses fitted out in Scotland, the Amount of the Cargoes and the Bounties on them287
Account of Foreign Salt imported into Scotland, and of Scotch Salt delivered duty free, for the Herring Fishery288
BOOK V.
OF THE REVENUE OF THE SOVEREIGN OR COMMONWEALTH.
CHAP. I.
Of the Expenses of the Sovereign or Commonwealth289
Part I. Of the Expense of Defenceib.
Part II. Of the Expense of Justice297
Part III. Of the Expense of Public Works and Public Institutions302
Art. I. Of the Public Works and Institutions for facilitating the Commerce of Society.—1st, For facilitating the general Commerce of the Society.—2d, For facilitating particular Branches of Commerce303
Art. II. Of the Expense of the Institutions for the Education of Youth318
Art. III. Of the Expense of the Institutions for the Instruction of People of all Ages330
Part IV. Of the Expense of supporting the Dignity of the Sovereign342
Conclusion of the Chapterib.
CHAP. II.
Of the Sources of the general or Public Revenue of the Society343
Part I. Of the Funds or Sources of Revenue which may particularly belong to the Sovereign or Commonwealthib.
Part II. Of Taxes347
Art. I. Taxes upon rent; Taxes upon the Rent of Land348
Taxes which are proportioned, not to the Rent, but to the Produce of Land352
Taxes upon the Rent of Houses354
Art. II. Taxes upon Profit, or upon the Revenue arising from Stock357
Taxes upon the Profit of particular Employments359
Appendix to Articles I. and II.—Taxes upon the Capital Value of Lands, Houses, and Stock362
Art. III. Taxes upon the Wages of Labour365
Art. IV. Taxes which, it is intended, should fall indifferently upon every different Species of Revenue366
Capitation Taxes367
Taxes upon consumable Commodities368
CHAP. III.
Of Public Debts385